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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of the large-scale integrated sensor (LSI) to estimate energy expenditure (1984)
    Springer
    Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment 6 (1984), S. 51-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3505
    Keywords: large-scale integrated sensor (LSI) ; energy expenditure ; activity assessment ; exercise
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between activity counts from the large-scale integrated sensor (LSI), placed at the hip and ankle, and heart rate-estimated energy expenditure was examined in three nonobese males during three conditions: normal morning activities, a 1-mi walk, and a 2-mi walk. Results showed that estimated caloric expenditure was related to activity counts for both monitoring placements, with correlations between counts and energy expenditure exceedingr=.90. These results show that energy expenditure in the activities sampled can be reliably estimated using activity monitors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01321461
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Exercise-induced alterations in natural killer cell number and function (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 74 (1996), S. 227-233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exercise ; Natural killer cells ; Gender ; Immune function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To study the effects of exercise on natural killer (NK) cell number and activity (NKCA) healthy male (n = 32) and female (n = 32) subjects were randomly assigned to an exercise or control condition. Exercise involved a continuous incremental protocol consisting of cycling for three periods of 6 min at work rates corresponding to 55%, 70% and 85% peak oxygen uptake ( $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{2{\text{peak}}}$$ ). Blood samples were drawn at baseline, at 6 min, 12 min and 18 min during exercise, and at 2 h following completion of exercise. Relative to both baseline and control conditions, exercise resulted in an increase in the number of circulating lymphocytes. The proportion of T cells (CD3+) and B cells (CD19 +) significantly decreased, and NK cells (CD3−CD16+CD56+) increased throughout exercise. NKCA increased (P 〈 0.001) during the initial 6 min of exercise with no further changes observed, despite increases (P 〈 0.001) in the number and proportion of circulating NK cells during exercise at 70% and 85% $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{2{\text{peak}}}$$ . Plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine increased (P 〈 0.001) above baseline at 12 min and 18 min. The changes in NK cell number and function were independent of gender. The results indicate that short-duration low-intensity exercise can significantly increase NK cell number and activity. However, alterations in NK cell number are not accompanied by changes of a similar magnitude in NKCA.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377445
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of incremental submaximal exercise on circulating leukocytes in physically active and sedentary males and females (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 74 (1996), S. 211-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Leukocytes ; Exercise ; Gender ; Fitness ; Stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To study the effects of exercise on circulating leukocytes and leukocyte subsets, physically active (n = 32) and sedentary (n = 32) male and female subjects were randomly assigned to an exercise or control condition. Exercise involved a continuous incremental protocol consisting of cycling for three periods of 6 min at power outputs corresponding to 55%, 70% and 85% maximal oxygen uptake ( $$\dot V{\text{O}}_{{\text{2max}}}$$ . Blood samples were drawn from a venous catheter at baseline, and at 6 min, 12 min, and 18 min after beginning the exercise and 2 h following completion of exercise. Resting- and exercise-induced alterations in total leukocytes were independent of gender and subject fitness level. Relative to baseline, each increment in workload resulted in a rapid increase in the number of circulating leukocytes. Increases in neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes accounted for the exercise-induced leukocytosis. With regard to lymphocytes, exercise resulted in a significant increase in the number of T cells (CD3+), T helper cells (CD4+), T suppresser (CD8+) and natural killer (NK) cells (CD3−/CD16+/CD56+). The largest percentage increase occurred in the NK cell population. The CD4+: CD8+ ratio decreased (P 〈 0.001) throughout exercise due to a larger increase in the number of CD8+ cells relative to CD4+ cells. An exercise-induced neutrophilia, lymphocytopenia, and eosinophelia was observed 2 h into recovery. Exercise resulted in significant increases in plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels. There was no indication of a hypothalamic-pituitarty-adrenal response during exercise. The results indicate that the rapid, albeit transient, alteration in the number of circulating leukocytes during and following an acute progressive incremental exercise test are independent of gender and fitness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00377443
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulin and glucagon immunoreactivity during high-intensity exercise under opiate blockade (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 75 (1997), S. 132-135 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Opioids   ;   Glucagon   ;   Insulin   ;   Naloxone   ;   Physical activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Eight fit men [maximum oxygen consumption ( O2max) 64.6 (1.9) ml · kg−1 · min−1, aged 28.3 (1.7) years (SE in parentheses) were studied during two treadmill exercise trials to determine the effect of endogenous opioids on insulin and glucagon immunoreactivity during intense exercise (80% O2max). A double-blind experimental design was used with subjects undertaking the two exercise trials in counterbalanced order. Exercise trials were 20 min in duration and were conducted 7 days apart. One exercise trial was undertaken following administration of naloxone (N; 1.2 mg; 3 ml) and the other after receiving a placebo (P; 0.9% NaCl saline; 3 ml). Prior to each experimental trial a flexible catheter was placed into an antecubital vein and baseline blood samples were collected. Immediately after, each subject received either a N or P bolus injection. Blood samples were also collected after 20 min of continuous exercise (running). Glucagon was higher (P 〈 0.05), while insulin was lower (P 〈 0.05), during exercise compared with pre-exercise values in both trials. However, glucagon was higher (P 〈 0.05) in the P than in the N exercise trial [141.4 (8.3) ng · l−1 vs 127.2 (7.6) ng · l−1]. There were no differences in insulin during exercise between the P and N trials [50.2 (4.3) pmol · l−1 vs 43.8 (5) pmol · l−1]. These data suggest that endogenous opioids may augment the glucagon response during intense exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050137
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of carbohydrate ingestion and hormonal responses on ratings of perceived exertion during prolonged cycling and running (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 80 (1999), S. 92-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Carbohydrate supplementation ; Blood glucose ; Cortisol ; Growth hormone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was designed to determine the influence of exercise mode, and 6% carbohydrate (C) versus placebo (P) beverage ingestion, on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and hormonal regulation to 2.5 h of high-intensity running and cycling (≈75% maximum oxygen uptake) by ten triathletes who acted as their own controls. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. The pattern of change in RPE over time was significantly different between C and P ingestion (P 〈 0.001) and between running and cycling modes (P = 0.001). The lowest RPE values were seen in the C-cycling sessions and the highest in the P-running sessions. The pattern of change in the respiratory exchange ratio and fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates were significantly different between the C and P conditions but not between the running and cycling modes. C relative to P ingestion (but not exercise mode) was associated with higher plasma levels of glucose and insulin and lower plasma cortisol and growth hormone levels. The pattern of change in plasma levels of catecholamines and lactate did not differ between the C and P conditions. These data indicate that a lower RPE was associated with a higher level of carbohydrate oxidation, higher plasma glucose and insulin levels, and lower plasma cortisol and growth hormone levels during cycle exercise following C supplementation as compared to P feeding. These findings support a physiological link between RPE and carbohydrate substrate availability as well as selected hormonal regulation during cycle exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050563
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of exercise with varying energy expenditure on high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 72 (1996), S. 242-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Exertion ; HDL-C ; Lipoprotein lipase ; Triglycerides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the effect of varying energy expenditure on acute high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) changes, 12 healthy endurance-trained men completed three- counterbalanced running trials at different energy expenditures: trial 1, 1690.3 (24.4) kJ [mean (SD)]; trial 2, 2529.1 (24.0) kJ; trial 3, 3384.3 (36.6) kJ, with exercise intensity at 75% of maximal oxygen consumption. For each trial, blood samples were collected at 24 h pre-exercise (24 h Pre), immediately post-exercise, 1 h post-exercise, 6 h post-exercise (6 h PE), and 24 h post-exercise (24 h PE). Plasma samples were analyzed for HDL-C, HDL2-C and HDL3-C subfractions, and triglycerides (TG). In addition, post-heparin plasma samples were analyzed at 24 h Pre, 6 h PE and 24 h PE for lipoprotein lipase activity (LPLA) and hepatic triglyceride lipase activity. All samples were corrected for plasma volume changes and compared to 24 h Pre (baseline). When trials were combined, an increase (P 〈 0.05) in HDL-C was observed 24 h PE, via an increase (P 〈 0.05) in HDL3-C. An increase (P 〈 0.05) in LPLA and decrease (P 〈 0.05) in TG at 24 h PE is suggested to be responsible for the increase in HDL3-C. In conclusion, no difference in HDL-C was observed among trials. However, when trials were combined, an increase in HDL-C was observed, suggesting that an energy expenditure of no greater than 3384 J is needed to promote favorable changes in HDL-C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00838646
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Blood glucose extraction as a mediator of perceived exertion during prolonged exercise (1990)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 61 (1990), S. 100-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Rated perceptions of exertion ; Dihydroxy-acetone ; Pyruvate ; Muscle glycogen ; Arm endurance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of blood glucose extraction on the perception of exertion was examined during prolonged arm exercise. Eight male subjects consumed in counterbalanced order a standard daily diet containing either (1) 75 g dihydroxyacetone and 25 g sodium pyruvate (DHAP) or (2) an isocaloric amount of placebo, to manipulate blood glucose extraction. Following each 7-day diet, subjects exercised to exhaustion at 60% of peak arm oxygen consumption. Ratings of perceived exertion (Borg, CR-10 scale) were obtained for the arms (RPE-A), legs (RPE-L), chest (RPE-C) and overall body (RPE-O) every 10 min of exercise. After 60 min of continuous exercise, blood samples were drawn from the radial artery and axillary vein. Ratings of perceived exertion did not differ between trials during the first 50 min of exercise. At the 60-min time point, perceived exertion was lower (P 〈 0.01) in the DHAP than placebo trials for the arms (RPE-A: 4.25 vs 5.50) and overall body (RPE-O: 3.25 vs 4.00). These differences persisted throughout exercise. RPE-L and RPE-C did not differ between trials. Whole-arm arterial-venous glucose difference was higher (P 〈 0.05) in the DHAP (1.00 mmol · 1−1) than placebo (0.36 mmol·1−1) trials, as was fractional extraction of glucose (22.5 vs 9.0%). Respiratory exchange ratio was the same between trials. Triceps muscle glycogen was (1) higher in the DHAP than placebo trial at pre-exercise (P 〈 0.05), (2) decreased during exercise and (3) did not differ between trials at exercise termination. Free fatty acids, glycerol, β-hydroxybutyrate, lactic acid, pH, norepinephrine and epinephrine did not differ between trials. These findings suggest that blood glucose extraction mediates the perceived intensity of exertion arising from active limbs during prolonged arm exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236701
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulating exercise intensity using ratings of perceived exertion during arm and leg ergometry (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 78 (1998), S. 241-246 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Key words Exercise prescription ; Perceptions of exertion ; Exercise mode ; Intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to examine the validity of regulating exercise intensity using ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) during arm crank and leg cycle exercise at 50 and 70% peak oxygen consumption (V˙O2peak). Ten men and seven women [26 (1) years old; mean (SE)] participated in this study. Each subject completed a maximal estimation trial and two submaximal exercise bouts (production trials) on both an arm and leg ergometer. During each maximal estimation trial, subjects were asked to give a RPE for each stage of the exercise. RPEs, heart rates (HR), and power outputs (PO) equivalent to 50 and 70% V˙O2peak for each exercise mode were then estimated from plots of RPE versus oxygen consumption (V˙O2), HR versus V˙O2, and PO versus V˙O2, respectively. During the submaximal trials, subjects were instructed to select workloads on an arm and leg ergometer that produced the previously estimated RPEs. Comparisons were made for V˙O2, HR, and PO between the estimation and production trials for each mode at each exercise intensity. HR did not differ between the trials at either 50 or 70% V˙O2peak during arm and leg ergometry. In addition, V˙O2 and PO did not differ between the trials at either 50 or 70% V˙O2peak during arm ergometry and at 50% V˙O2peak during leg ergometry. However, these two parameters were lower (P 〈 0.05) during the production trial [1.88 (0.15) l · min−1 and 89.1 (10.1) W, respectively] as compared to the estimation trial [2.08(0.14) l·min−1 and 102.4 (6.5)W, respectively] during leg ergometry at 70% V˙O2peak. In conclusion, using RPEs to regulate exercise intensity is physiologically valid during arm ergometry at both 50 and 70% V˙O2peak and during leg ergometry at 50% V˙O2peak. However, this prescriptive approach remains questionable during leg cycle exercise at 70% V˙O2peak.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050414
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiated perceptions of exertion and energy cost of young women while carrying loads (1982)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 49 (1982), S. 69-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Load carriage ; Differentiated perceptions of exertion ; Metabolic cost ; Metabolic efficiency ; Oxygen uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Differentiated local ratings of perceived exertion from the legs and central ratings from the chest, and oxygen consumption, were determined during load carriage in seven young women. Subjects walked for 6 min at 3.22, 4.83, 6.44, or 8.05 km·h−1 carrying (1) no load, (2) a load equal to 7.5% of body weight (mean: 4.66 kg) or (3) a load equal to 15% of body weight (mean: 9.32 kg). Thus, each subject underwent 12 separate tests. The external loads were in the form of lead pellets carried in a plastic scuba belt worn around the waist. A differentiation threshold was found at 6.44 km·h−1 for the 0% and 7.5% loads and at 4.83 km·h−1 for the 15% load. At speeds below the threshold, the perception of exertion was similar in the legs, chest and overall. At higher speeds, exertion was perceived to be more intense in the legs than overall and less intense in the chest than overall, suggesting that the local legs signal was the dominant factor in shaping the overall sensation of exertion. The oxygen uptake was greater for the 15% load than for either the 0% or 7.5% loads, but was similar for the 0% and 7.5% loads. Findings suggested a critical weight limit for external loads that could be transported without increasing the metabolic cost beyond that required to move the body weight alone. This limit fell between 7.5% and 15% of the body weight. When oxygen uptake was expressed per kg of total weight transported, there was no loss of metabolic efficiency while carrying loads up to 15% of the body weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00428965
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endogenous opioids may modulate catecholamine secretion during high intensity exercise (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of applied physiology 70 (1995), S. 195-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-6327
    Keywords: Opioids ; Epinephrine ; sd Norepinephrine ; Naloxone ; Physical activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To determine the effect of endogenous opioids on catecholamine response during intense exercise [80% maximal oxygen uptake ( $$\dot V$$ O2max)], nine fit men [mean (SE) ( $$\dot V$$ O2max, 63.9 (1.7) ml · kg−1 · min−1; age 27.6 (1.6) years] were studied during two treadmill exercise trials. A double-blind experimental design was used with subjects undertaking the two exercise trials in counterbalanced order. Exercise trials were 20 min in duration and were conducted 7 days apart. One exercise trial was undertaken following administration of naloxone (N; 1.2 mmol · l−1; 3 ml) and the other after receiving a placebo (P; 0.9% saline; 3 ml). Prior to each experimental trial a flexible catheter was placed into an antecubital vein and baseline blood samples were collected. Immediately afterwards, each subject received bolus injection of either N or P. Blood samples were also collected after 20 min of continuous exercise while running. Epinephrine and norepinephrine were higher (P 〈 0.05) in the N than P exercise trial with mean (SE) values of 1679 (196) versus 1196 (155) pmol · l−1 and 24 (2.2) versus 20 (1.7) nmol · · l−1 respectively. Glucose and lactate were higher (P 〈 0.05) in the N than P exercise trial with values of 7 (0.37) versus 5.9 (0.31) mmol · l−1 and 6.9 (1.1) versus 5.3 (0.9) mmol · l−1 respectively. These data suggest an opioid inhibition in the release of catecholamines during intense exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238563
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