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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Nucleolar organizer regions ; Silver staining ; Image analysis ; Cell cycle ; Proliferation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Detailed investigation of cell growth and nucleolar organizer region associated argyrophilic proteins (Ag-NORs) is necessary to asses a possible impact of Ag-NOR quantification on the diagnosis and prognosis of tumours. In this study, cellular proliferation of the transitional-cell carcinoma cell line HOK-1 was modulated over a period of 11 days by starvation and subsequent medium addition. Proliferation was determined daily by DNA flow cytometric estimation of S-phase fraction (SPF) and mitotic index (MI) calculation. The number and area of interphase Ag-NORs were quantified by automated image analysis daily and the number of Ag-NOR bearing chromosomes in metaphase was counted. In interphase nuclei, Ag-NOR area showed a highly significant correlation with SPF (p〈0.0001) whereas interphase Ag-NOR number showed significant correlation with MI (p〈0.05). A positive relationship between the number of Ag-NOR bearing chromosomes in metaphases and cellular proliferation was also observed. There is variability in Ag-NOR quantity during interphase and metaphase depending on growth conditions in vitro. Correlations of the number of interphase Ag-NORs with the MI on one hand and Ag-NOR area with SPF on the other provide further evidence that distribution and quantity of Ag-NORs are strongly influenced by the cell cycle phase within the structural-functional unit of the nucleolus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1963
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Urothelkarzinom ; Carcinoma in situ ; Harnblase ; Urinzytologie ; Key words Transitional cell carcinoma ; Carcinoma in situ ; Urinary bladder ; Urinary cytology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The surgical pathology of biopsies or electro-resection specimens taken from clinically sus-picious or overt tumors in the urinary bladder encompasses the evaluation of a few parameters. This should allow the segregation of bladder tumor patients into subgroups with distinct clinical features and biological behavior, thus providing a rationale for choos-ing the best available therapy. In essence, the pathologist’s role entails a careful morphologic assessment of the primary tumor, including evaluation of the histologic type, the growth pattern, the tumor grade, the tumor stage, and finally the presence and type of primary or tumor-associated flat intraurothelial lesions. Whereas the growth pattern of a lesion can be readily recognized, the correct grading and staging of papillary tumors are often more dependent on the complexity of the individual case and the experience of the pathologist due to the inherent subjectivity of the field and a lack of standardized criteria. These problems of intra- and interobserver variability are intimately cou-pled with the characteristics of the material, that is, bad orientation and tangential sectioning, thermal injury, crush and fixation artifacts, and limitations of the size of the samples. The correct evaluation and interpretation of flat intraurothelial lesions suffer from similar difficulties and are further complicated by a confusing categorization and terminology. Although new modalities and molec-ular approaches have been introduced in recent years in an effort to overcome some of these obstacles, morphology still remains the most effective means to assess the bio-logical behavior and prognosis of urothelial bladder cancer. The present article therefore addresses some of the diagnostically and clinically most relevant controversies and aims to give some useful hints for the evaluation of the above-mentioned morpho-logical parameters. In addition, it adds some remarks on the morphological basis and diag-nostic validity of urinary cytology in primary diagnosis and, more importantly, monitoring of bladder cancer patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der Alltag des Pathologen im Umgang mit Gewebeproben aus der Harnblase bei klinischem Tumorverdacht oder bei eindeutig verifizierten Neoplasien wird durch wenige, aber vielfach nicht einfach lösbare Fragen und Probleme bestimmt, die für den betroffenen Patienten von wesentlicher prognostischer und therapeutischer Bedeutung sind. Für urotheliale Tumoren sind dies im wesentlichen die verbindliche histologische Diagnose des Wachstumsmusters, die Feststellung von Malignitätsgrad und Stadium und die Präsenz primärer oder tumorassoziierter intraurothelialer Neoplasien bzw. deren Abgrenzung von reaktiven Urothelveränderungen. Während die Diagnose exophytischer, solid infiltrierender und flacher Urothelläsionen zumeist wenig Schwierigkeiten bereitet, unterliegen das verläßliche und reproduzierbare Grading und Staging von Urothelkarzinomen oftmals mehr der Subjektivität und Erfahrung des Befunders als nachvollziehbaren und standardisierten Kriterien. Die Art der Biopsie- bzw. Gewebeentnahme – in den meisten Fällen durch eine Elektroresektion der Läsion – macht diese Aufgaben nicht gerade leichter. Die gleichen Problemfelder ergeben sich übrigens auch für die histologische Diagnostik intraurothelialer Veränderungen, zusätzlich kompliziert durch eine verwirrende Terminologie. Der vorliegende Artikel versucht, einige dieser diagnostisch und klinisch relevanten Kontroversen aufzugreifen und zumindest für die oben genannten Bereiche praktisch nützliche Hinweise zu geben. Ergänzt wird dieser Versuch durch eine knappe Zusammenfassung der Grundlagen und Wertigkeit der Urin- und Blasenspülzytologie, die weniger in der Primärdiagnostik als vielmehr in der Nachsorge und Überwachung von Tumorpatienten ihre sinn-volle Anwendung findet.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Human Sertoli cells ; Intermediate filaments ; Cytokeratin ; Vimentin ; Desmin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The intermediate filament of mature human Sertoli cells is vimentin. A co-expression of vimentin together with cytokeratin has been demonstrated in Sertoli cells during embryonal development and under pathologic conditions in adult testes. We analysed the presence of vimentin, cytokeratin, and desmin in Sertoli cells of fetal testes (n=20), in seminiferous tubules of cryptorchid testes (n=10) and adjacent to testicular germ cell tumours (n=47) using specific monoclonal antibodies and single and double-labelling immunohistochemistry. During embryonal development prominent cytokeratin expression disappears after the 20th week of gestation. Interestingly, we also found desmin in immature intratubular Sertoli cells between weeks 11 and 14. In adult cryptorchid testes and in peritumour tubules, desmin was also prominently present in Sertoli cells in the vast majority of the cases investigated, as well as vimentin and cytokeratin co-expression. This first description of desmin immunoreactivity may shed some light on the ontogeny of human Sertoli cells and demonstrates that this cell type is able to express three types of intermediate filaments in a complex manner.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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