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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and intersections of crazes in polystyrene films (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 20 (1985), S. 2359-2368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Craze network with interconnecting crazes was produced in thin (~60nm) polystyrene films by using a spherical stretching method. For 30% and 45% radial strain, the average mesh size, defined as the square root of average non-crazed areas enclosed by crazes, decreased from about 28μm to 4.6 and 2.7μm, respectively, as the molecular weight increased from 46 900 to 1 350 000. At a molecular weight of about 106, the interactions between crazes became evident by the split and change of directions at the end of their propagation. Two types of intersection appeared to exist in parallel. The first type showed void formation at the intersections with no apparent fibril displacement effect. The second type showed that the fibrils at the intersection of two perpendicular crazes reoriented to a new direction which seemed to be determined by the relative displacements of the two crazes at the intersections. This observation suggests that the craze fibrils can be displaced and further stretched by a second crazing process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00556065
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Constrained annealing of biaxially oriented SAN copolymer films (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 2129-2132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Biaxially oriented styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer films with a draw ratio of 6.9 in the machine direction (MD) and 2.9 in the transverse direction (TD) were annealed under constraint in both directions. The films fractured during annealing developed cracks along the TD. The temperature dependence of the time to fracture showed an Arrhenius plot with an activation energy of 114 kcal mol−1. When annealing was terminated before fracture, the work to fracture on tensile deformation of the annealed film increased with annealing time, with a maximum increase of about 53% in the MD and 40% in the TD. The annealed films showed fewer bands or more fine shear bands as compared with unannealed films. These observations suggest a toughening effect in oriented films when annealed under dimensional constraint.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01045778
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Continuous measurement of polymerization rates over the entire conversion range with a recording dilatometer (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1487-1497 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A new type dilatometer has been described which will automatically record the volume changes which occur during the entire course of polymerization reactions. Experiments have shown that the weight per cent polymer in a monomer solution is more accurately described as a function of additive densities of monomer and polymer than of additive volumes of monomer and polymer. The operation of the dilatometer, the relation of the observed volume changes to monomer conversion to polymer, and the possible errors involved in these type measurements have been discussed. The apparatus has been used to obtain rate curves for the polymerization of both linear and crosslinked vinyl monomer compositions over the entire course of polymerization, despite the early formation of a firm crosslinked gel structure in the latter case.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090423
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Shear yielding of biaxially oriented styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer films (1987)
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 27 (1987), S. 1095-1104 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The shear yielding processes in the deformation of biaxially oriented styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) copolymer films (machine oriented with draw ratio = 6.9 in the machine direction and 2.9 in the transverse direction) were studied. In the transverse direction, two sets of shear bands with an intersection angle of about 123.6 degrees (61.8 degrees with the tensile axis) were developed. When necking occurred, the bands in the necked region were thin and discontinuous with an intersection angle of about 81 degrees. In the machine direction, shear bands appeared to be short and diffused with an intersection angle of about 119.2 degrees. Only a slight necking effect was observed. The Luders strain in the transverse direction was about 0.56 and in the machine direction, about 0.16. The shearstrain-volume of activation obtained from the strain rate dependence of shear stress was about 3440 ± 400 Å3 in the machine direction and 2700 ± 500 Å3 in the transverse direction. The work hardening behavior in both directions seemed to follow a linear relationship between 1n (tensile stress) and tensile strain at large strains. From a consideration of localized shearing toward tensile axis, the fraction of deformed materials was calculated. These observations indicated that (1) a strong orientation hardening effect existed in unbalanced biaxially oriented films, resulting from the difference of the amount of deformable materials between individual directions; and (2) deformation proceeded by shear banding with the high orientation direction involved more correlated molecular segments than the low orientation direction during the activation process.
    Additional Material: 16 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760271410
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Polymerization rates of monochlorostyrenes (1965)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 9 (1965), S. 1473-1486 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The polymerization rates of o- and p-chlorostyrenes have been determined under a variety of reaction conditions. These monomers polymerize much more rapidly than styrene thermally with peroxide, or high energy radiation. With no initiator the polymerization of chlorostyrene follows a behavior similar to styrene, i.e., the reaction exhibits a maximum rate during the initial stage of the reaction. With initiator, the form of the rate curve changes and acceleration is observed in the midconversion range. The ratio of the accelerated rate to the initial rate increases with initiator concentration. Mixtures of chlorostyrene with small amounts of certain difunctional monomers (e.g., divinylbenzene, ethylene dimethacrylate, and biacrylophenone) copolymerize much more rapidly than the chlorostyrene polymerizes alone. Polyester resins containing maleic or fumaric unsaturation copolymerize much more rapidly with chlorostyrene than with styrene under identical reaction conditions.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1965.070090422
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Note on the continuous measurement of polymerization rates with a recording dilatometer (1968)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 12 (1968), S. 1803-1805 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 1 Tab.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1968.070120732
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