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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 68 (1990), S. 1102-1111 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Renal cell carcinomas ; Renal cell tumours ; Nephron-collecting-duct system ; Classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary After a controversial phase of nomenclature (including — among others — the terms “hypernephroma” and “hypernephroid carcinoma”) a cytomorphologically defined subtyping of renal cell tumours (adenomas, carcinomas, oncocytomas) is offered, based on new electron microscopical and histochemical observations. These data are in part supported by cytogenetical findings reported in the literature. Phenotypical/histogenetical relations to different parts or cell types, respectively, of the nephron-collecting duct system could be demonstrated. Chromophobe cell carcinoma and oncocytoma exhibit features of the intercalated cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Sjögren's syndrome ; Anemia ; Vasculitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary An unusual case of Sjögren's syndrome presenting with severe anemia as the predominant clinical feature is described. Histological examination of a bone marrow biopsy specimen demonstrated that the patient's anemia was caused by myelitis and vasculitis of the small intraosseous vessels. Our report might stimulate a more thorough investigation of bone marrow in patients with connective tissue diseases and anemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 60 (1982), S. 1143-1154 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Kidney transplant ; Rejection processes ; Morphological types ; Transplantatnieren ; Abstoßungsreaktionen ; Morphologische Typen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Abstoßungsreaktionen (Abstg) an Nierentransplantaten (Tpl) werden üblicherweise nach einem zeitbezogenen Klassifikationsschema in per- (hyper)-akute, akute und chronische Abstgen eingeteilt. Diese Einteilung wird z.T. als nicht ganz befriedigend empfunden. In Verfolgung des Ziels zu einer dem Einzelfall mehr gerecht werdenden histopathologischen Diagnose zu kommen, wurde der Versuch unternommen unter Auflösung der zeitlichen Klassifikationskategorien eine Deklarierung von Abstgs-Vorgängen rein nach pathomorphologischen Gesichtspunkten vorzunehmen. Drei morphologische Abstgs-Reaktionen lassen sich unterscheiden: 1 eine nekrotisierend-thrombotische Abstg (nth-Abstg) 2 Eine zelluläre Abstg (zell-Abstg) und 3 eine sklerosierende Abstg (skl-Abstg). Diese morphologischen Abstgs-Typen sind nur teilweise deckungsgleich mit den zeitbezogenen Klassifikationskategorien. Insbesondere aber zeigt sich, daß in einer großen Zahl von Fällen Abstgs-Mischtypen vorliegen, die sich mit Hilfe der morphologischen Kategorien exakt in der Diagnose erfassen lassen (z.B. ausgeprägte zell-Abstg mit mittelgradiger nth- und leichter skl-Komponente). Dieses Vorgehen bietet u.E. folgende Vorteile: a) die histologische Diagnose vermittelt dem behandelnden Kliniker eine genaue Vorstellung über den Status der eingetretenen Nierenveränderungen und b) Einzelfälle werden untereinander besser vergleichbar. Neben Abstgs-Prozessen sind in der Biopsiediagnostik besonders noch folgende Ursachen für Funktionsstörungen differentialdiagnostisch zu bedenken: sog. Schockniere, Ureterstenose, Pyelonephritis, Nierenarterienthrombose und verschiedene Arten von Glomerulonephritiden (GN) im Transplantat (de novo-GN, rekurrierende GN, u.a.).
    Notes: Summary Rejection processes concerning transplanted kidneys are traditionally classified as hyperacute, acute and chronic. It is, however, generally felt, that this time related classification is not satisfactorily in every respect. In order to come to a more differentiated histological diagnosis in the individual case, we resolved the time related classification categories and tried to specify rejection processes exclusively according to pathomorphological aspects. Thus 3 morphological rejection patterns or types can be differentiated: (1) a necrotizing-thrombotic rejection type (nth-rej), (2) a cellular rej (cell-rej) and (3) a sclerosing rej (scl-rej). These morphological rejection types match only partially with the time related categories. Especially it becomes apparent, that many cases have mixed rejection patterns. The pure as well as the mixed rejection patterns can exactly be defined in the histological diagnosis when the morphological categories are applied (e.g. severe cell-rej with moderate nth- and slight scl-component). This procedure is favourable in our opinion because a) the histological diagnosis now precisely informs the clinician about the whole spectrum of lesions present and b) individual cases can be compared with one another more effectively. In biopsy interpretation especially the following causes of functional deterioration have to be considered besides rejection processes: shock kidney, ureter stenosis, pyelonephritis, renal artery thrombosis and various types of glomerulonephritis (GN) in the transplant (de novo-GN, recurrent GN and others).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Alterations of the glomerular basement membrane are the earliest ultrastructurally demonstrable lesions in the course of hereditary nephropathy. The basement membranes may be either focally or diffusely thickened. They may be (a) homogeneously broadened, (b) show a typically split lamina densa, or (c) show a focally or diffusely thinned lamina densa layer. The latter may be one third or one half of the normal thickness. These findings provide further evidence for the hypothesis of basement membrane alterations as the basic lesion in hereditary nephritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 414 (1988), S. 29-37 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Acute pyelonephritis ; Tubule infiltration ; Cortical collecting duct rupture ; Bacterial localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structural details of how leukocytes appear in the lumen of tubules and the localization of bacteria in the tubulo-interstitial space were studied by light and electronmicroscopy in renal cortical biopsy specimens from three patients with acute pyelonephritis. The cells of interstitial infiltrates infiltrated and sometimes disrupted the cortical collecting tubules preferentially, while inflammatory infiltration of the proximal and distal convoluted tubules occurred more rarely. Since the emigration of tubular wall-localized individual leukocytes into the lumen was not observed even in long series of thin sections, focal inflammatory disruption of the uriniferous ducts was considered to be the morphological basis of the intratubular accumulation of leukocytes. The structural simplicity of the collecting tubular cells is suggested to be the reason for their preferential involvement in the drainage of the interstitial suppuration, although a role for specific carbohydrate receptors cannot be excluded. The bacteria were usually found within the neutrophilic granulocytes and macrophages of the interstitial infiltrates, and within and among the cells of leukocyte casts. Additionally, pure bacterial colonies were noticed in the lumen of a few collecting tubules. The problem of the adherence of the bacteria to the surface of the tubular cells is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 362 (1974), S. 265-282 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary 10 out of 44 renal biopsy specimens obtained from patients with focal and segmental sclerosing glomerulopathy (-nephritis) (focal sclerosing lesion, sclerose s. hyalinose segmentaire et focale) were examined with the electron microscope and 11 by immunofluorescence microscopy. Particularly ultrastructural alterations are described in detail. A nephrotic syndrome was observed in 33 (75%), proteinuria in 11 (25%), and erythrocyturia in 21 (48%) patients. As the characteristic glomerular lesion a progressive increase in mesangial matrix material (sclerosis) is found which in the beginning concerns only few glomeruli and within these only a portion of the capillary tuft. The remaining glomeruli histologically show minimal changes. Electron microscopy, however, reveals these glomeruli as pathologically altered, too, indicating that the underlying mechanism is a diffuse one. Progression of sclerosing processes finally results in complete sclerosis of more and more capillary loops and glomeruli, respectively. Lightmicroscopically identifiable PAS-positive hyaline deposits were present in about 80%, thus representing an important diagnostic tool. Electron dense deposits, identical with typical immune deposits, are a regular finding in sclerosing areas and very rarely occur in minimally changed glomeruli, too. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals a corresponding segmental deposition pattern of mostly IgM and C3 globulins. These findings are discussed with regard to an immune pathogenesis of the focal and segmental lesion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 128 (1978), S. 247-259 
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Umbilical artery ; Birth ; Neonatal ; Blood vessel ; Structure ; Closure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The structure of the fully-patent umbilical artery and rearrangement of its structural elements with postnatal closure were examined in 10 centimeter long umbilical cord segments which were double-clamped at different time intervals after delivery. The fully-patent umbilical artery consists of two main layers: an outer layer of circularly arranged smooth muscle cells and an inner layer which shows rather irregularly and loosely arranged cells embedded in abundant metachromatic ground substance. No predominantly longitudinal arrangements of cells and fibers reported by earlier investigators could be identified in the inner layer. Closure of the umbilical arteries is initiated by numerous localized contractions which are mainly formed by muscle cells of the outer circular layer. Ultimate closure of larger segments of the umbilical arteries is also mainly produced by contractions of the outer layer. In contrast, the inner layer (which is rich in ground substance) seems to serve mainly as a plastic tissue which can easily be shifted in an axial direction and then folded into the narrowing lumen to complete closure. Electron microscopy reveals that the cells of this layer represent rather poorly differentiated smooth muscle cells which contain only a few tiny myofilaments and can therefore hardly contribute actively to the process of closure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 50 (1972), S. 1143-1146 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Keywords: Focal glomerular sclerosis ; nephrotic syndrome ; basement membrane alterations ; electron microscopy ; Fokal-sklerosierende Glomerulopathie ; Nephrotisches Syndrom ; Basalmembranveränderungen ; Elektronenmikroskopie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht wurden minimal und leicht veränderte Glomeruli von 6 Patienten mit fokal-sklerosierender Glomerulopathie (Glomerulonephritis). Folgende feinstrukturelle Befunde konnten erhoben werden: subendotheliale Unschärfe und unregelmäßige Verbreiterung der Basalmembranen sowie subendotheliale Apposition eines feinfilamentösen „Mesangiummatrix-ähnlichen“ Materials, weitgehende Umwandlung der Fußfortsätze des Epithels in Zellplatten (sog. Fußfortsatzverschmelzung), Endothelzellaktivierung, Verbreiterung der Mesangialregionen durch Mesangiummatrixvermehrung, subendotheliale Kommunikation der Mesangiummatrix mit dem feinfilamentösen „Mesangiummatrix-ähnlichen“ Material der Schlingenperipherie. Diese Befunde weisen alle Glomeruli als erkrankt aus. Die fokal-sklerosierende Glomerulopathie ist daher als ein diffuser Prozeß mit fokaler und segmentaler Akzentuierung aufzufassen.
    Notes: Summary Minimally and slightly changed glomeruli from six patients affected with focal-sclerosing glomerulopathy (glomerulonephritis) were examinated with the electron microscope. The following ultrastructural alterations could be found: subendothelial poor definition and irregular thickening of the basal membranes connected with subendothelial apposition of a fine filamentous “mesangial matrix-like” material, incomplete fusion of the epithelial foot processes, activation of the endothelial cells, broadening of the mesangial areas caused by an increase of mesangial matrix, subendothelial communication of the mesangial matrix and the fine filamentous “mesangial matrix-like” material of the capillary loop periphery. Only in one case one single subepithelial (immune?) deposit could be found. These findings show clearly, that all glomeruli are involved in the pathologic process. Therefore focalsclerosing glomerulopathy (glomerulonephritis) must be understood as a diffuse process with focal (and segmental) accentuation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Virchows Archiv 377 (1977), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-2307
    Keywords: Glomerular obsolescence ; Glomerular sclerosis ; Glomerular hyalinosis ; Glomerular fibrosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary By light and electron microscopical examination it is shown that four structural components can contribute to obsolescent glomeruli: capillary basement membranes, enriched mesangium matrix, “vascular” hyalin and collagen fibers. Each of these components can bring about glomerular damage alone. One non-reactive form — a glomerular collapse with only basement membrane remnants — can be separated from three reactive forms: the accumulation of mesangium matrix (sclerosis or matrix-sclerosis), deposition of vascular hyalin (hyalinosis in the narrow sense), and fiber development within the former urinary space (fibrosis or fibro-sclerosis). The use of the term “fibrinoid” in place of the descriptive term “hyalin” is not supported by objective results. Knowledge of the various constituents which accumulate in the reactive types of glomerular obsolescence might be important in the diagnosis of the underlying disease, though mixed pictures were often observed. To avoid terminological overlap we suggest that the term “hyalinization” is replaced by “obsolescence” or “scarring” with specification of the structural components involved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 102 (1969), S. 601-630 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Mechanoreceptors ; Muscle spindles ; structure ; man ; Mammals
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Muskelspindeln bestehen aus der Spindelkapsel, zwei Arten von intrafusalen Muskelfasern und zahlreichen efferenten und afferenten Nervenfasern. Die Kapsel setzt sich aus mehreren Lagen von Perineuriumzellen zusammen, die zahlreiche cytopemptische Vesikel enthalten. Der Kapselraum enthält eine hochvisköse (v. Brzezinski, 1961) elektronenmikroskopisch feinfilamentöse Substanz. Zum Polbereich offene Endomysiumschläuche (Spindelscheide) umgeben die einzelnen intrafusalen Muskelfasern. Die dickeren nuclear bag-Muskelfasern verlassen die Kapsel an beiden Polen und inserieren im extrafusalen Bindegewebe, während die dünneren nuclear chain-Fasern zusammen mit parallel verlaufenden Elastica-Strängen in den Polbereichen der Kapselwand verankert sind. Gegenüber nuclear bag-Fasern enthalten nuclear chain-Fasern mehr sarcoplasmatische Organellen und ein dichteres Netz von T-Tubuli. Den Fibrillen der nuclear bag-Fasern fehlt der M-Streifen. Satellitenzellen sind an intrafusalen Muskelfasern häufiger als an extrafusalen und dort beim Menschen häufiger als bei der Ratte. Sie liegen vorwiegend an nuclear bag-Fasern. In der Äquatorialzone bilden beide Fasertypen die myofibrillenärmere myotube Region, die neben zentralgelegenen Kernen viel Sarcoplasma, große Golgifelder und kernhaltige Vesikel enthält. In diesem Bereich kommen leptomere Fibrillen vor. In nuclear bag-Fasern wird die myotube Region durch eine Kernanhäufung (nuclear bag) unterbrochen, in der die Myofibrillen weiter reduziert werden. Die sensorischen Endigungen (Initialfasern) umschlingen an beiden Fasertypen die äquatorial gelegenen myotube Regionen und den nuclear bag, wobei sie ohne Schwannzell-Bedeckung zwischen Basalmembran und Plasmalemm der Muskelfaser verlaufen. Sie sind über Desmosomen mit der Plasmamembran der Muskelfaser verbunden und besonders reich an Mitochondrien. Die motorischen Endplatten der intrafusalen Fasern des Menschen zeigen kleine postsynaptische Falten. Bei der Ratte kann man lediglich an nuclear chain-Fasern einzelne Falten beobachten. Durch die Dehnung der intrafusalen Muskelfasern werden die sensorischen Endigungen gereizt. Die Entstehung des Generatorpotentials kann entweder durch mechanische Verformung der receptorischen Membran, durch eine Transmittersubstanz aus der gedehnten Muskelfaser oder durch Änderung der lonenkonzentration in dem schmalen Spalt zwischen Axolemm und Plasmalemm erfolgen. Unter der Annahme zweier getrennter Receptorsysteme in der Muskelspindel wird folgende hypothetische Vorstellung entwickelt: Die Afferenzen an den nuclear chain-Fasern bilden einen Pressoreceptor (Bridgman und Eldred, 1965), da bei Streckung der extrafusalen Fasern durch transversalen Druck auf die Spindelkapsel diese längs verformt und die nuclear chain-Fasern gedehnt werden. Wenn der Druck in der Kapsel abnimmt, weil Flüssigkeit abgepreßt wird, können sich die Fasern wieder verkürzen (Adaptation). Nach Entdehnung der extrafusalen Fasern wird das Kapselvolumen über cytopemptische Vorgänge in der Kapselwand wieder ausgeglichen. Die sensorischen Endigungen an den nuclear bag-Fasern messen als Tensoreceptor den jeweiligen Dehnungszustand dieser extrafusal verankerten Fasern. Die Empfindlichkeit beider Systeme kann über nicht fortgeleitete tonische Kontraktionen der Polbereiche der intrafusalen Muskelfasern eingestellt werden.
    Notes: Summary Mammalian muscle spindles consist of the capsule, two types of muscle fibres and their efferent and afferent nerves. The cells of the capsule are flat endothelial like cells of perineural origin closely interlocked with each other and covered on both sides by a basement membrane. They contain a large number of cytopemptic vesicles. The viscous (v. Brzezinski, 1961) spindle room substance appears filamentous in the electron microscope. Each intrafusal muscle fibre is enclosed in a tube of endomysial cells, which is open towards both spindle poles. The thicker fibres (nuclear bag fibres) traverse the capsule at both poles and insert in the extrafusal connective tissue. The thinner fibres (nuclear chain fibres) are accompanied by elastic fibres and fixed in the capsule at both ends of the spindle. The M-line is absent in nuclear bag fibres, but clearly visible in nuclear chain fibres. These contain more sarcoplasmic organells and a better developed T-system than the nuclear bag fibres. Satellite cells are more numerous in intrafusal muscle fibres than in extrafusal ones. Most frequently they are associated with nuclear bag fibres and more often they occur in man than in rat. The myotube regions of both fibres are sparsely supplied with myofibrils. Besides chains of axially arranged nuclei large Golgi fields and vesicles with a central core are seen. Leptomeric fibrils sometimes connect in these regions myofibrils, or different parts of the plasmalemma or myofibrils with the plasmalemma. In nuclear bag fibres the chain of nuclei of the myotube region is widened by a cluster of nuclei filling the nuclear bag and further reducing the number of myofibrils. The sensory endings (initial fibres) wind around the myotube regions and nuclear bags of the muscle fibres, thereby forming the „annulospiralige Endigung“. The axon of the ending, which is not covered by a Schwann-cell, runs between the basement membrane and the plasmalemma of the muscle fibre. It contains a great number of mitochondria and is fixed by desmosomes to the plasmalemma. The sensory endings are obviously stimulated by a stretch of the adjacent intrafusal muscle fibres. The stretch is supposed to be most effective in myotube regions with few myofibrils. Mechanical distortion of the receptor membrane or a transmitter substance released or changes in the ional distribution within the gap between plasmalemma and axolemma may cause the initiation of generator potentials. Assuming two different receptor systems in the muscle spindle, the following hypotheses are proposed: 1. A transverse lateral pressure from contracting or stretched extrafusal muscle fibres compresses the capsule whereby nuclear chain fibres and elastic fibres are stretched and the nerve endings are stimulated (pressoreceptor, Bridgman and Eldred, 1965). As soon as the pressure in the spindle room is diminished by release of fluid into the extrafusal tissue, the nuclear chain fibres shorten with the elastic fibres, even when the stretch or contraction of the extrafusal muscle fibres continues (adaptation). After relaxation of the extrafusal fibres the spindle room is filled up again by fluid transport across the capsule cells by cytopempsis. 2. Since nuclear bag fibres are attached to the extrafusal tissue, a stretch of the total muscle causes a stretch of the nuclear bag fibres and a stimulation of their sensory endings. This lasts as long as the muscle is stretched (tensoreceptor). 3. The sensitivity of both receptor systems can be adjusted by varying the stiffness of the polar regions of the intrafusal muscle fibres by graded non-propagated contractions.
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