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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between Prostate-Specific Antigen, Clinical Stage, and Degree of Bone Metastasis in Patients with Prostate Cancer: Comparison with Prostatic Acid Phosphatase and Alkaline Phosphatase (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of urology 4 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:The study was designed to examine the relation of the levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) to clinical stage and bone metastasis in prostate cancer patients.Methods:Serum PSA, PAP, and ALP levels were evaluated in 272 patients with prostate cancer. The relation of the level of PSA, PAP, and ALP to clinical stage and to degree of bone metastasis were examined by a multiple comparison method using ranks. The superiority of a marker in the rate of detection of bone metastasis was evaluated with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. The correlation coefficients of the order of the extent of bone metastasis with PSA, PAP, and ALP were examined with Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient test.Results:The levels of PSA showed significant differences among 8 pairs of clinical stages, in contrast, the levels of PAP showed significant differences among 6 pairs, and the levels of ALP showed significant differences among only 4 pairs. The area under the ROC curves of PSA, PAP, and ALP for revealing bone metastasis was 84.9%, 81.4%, and 77.3%, respectively. The correlation coefficients of the order of extent of disease (EOD) with log (PSA), log (PAP), and log (ALP) were 0.346, 0.394, and 0.618, respectively, and the levels of ALP showed the most significant differences regarding the extent of bone metastasis.Conclusion:PSA was the best marker for differentiating clinical stages, but showed limited reliability for stratifying the extent of bone metastasis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.1997.tb00311.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Osteoarthritis on Serum Marker Levels of Bone Formation and Resorption in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of urology 4 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background:The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of osteoarthritis of lumbar vertebrae on serum bone formation and resorption marker levels of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Methods:Serum levels of carboxyterminal propeptide of type I procollagen (PICP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), carboxyterminaltelopeptide of type I collagen (ICTP), and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were examined in 40 patients with BPH, and the presence of osteoarthritis at the lumbar vertebrae of the patients was evaluated by plain x-ray-p. Results:Findings of osteoarthritis were observed in 23 of the 40 patients (58%), and 10 of the patients had severe osteoarthritis (involving at least 2 lumbar vertebral bodies). The serum levels of PICP, ALP, ICTP, and PSA of the patients without osteoarthritis findings were not different from those of the patients with osteoarthritis or severe osteoarthritis. Conclusion:The influence of osteoarthritis on serum bone formation and resorption marker levels of patients with BPH appears to be rather slight, if there is any influence at all.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.1997.tb00313.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Significance of capsular attachment and invasion of cancer tissues in prostate cancer (2003)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    International journal of urology 10 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: There is a discrepancy in tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging of capsular attachment and invasion; the condition was classified as pT3 in 1987, then as pT2 in 1992. Because capsular finding associated with radical prostatectomy is an important prognostic factor, the present study was conducted to characterize clinicopathological states of cancer tissues attached to and invading the capsule.Methods: Specimens removed by radical prostatectomy exhibiting pT2 or pT3 from 90 patients who did not receive any treatment before surgery were classified as Loc (24%, cancer tissues localized and apart from capsule), Inv (59%, attached to and invading but not penetrating capsule) and Pen (17%, penetrating capsule). Their clinicopathological profiles were examined.Results: Gleason score, volume of cancer tissues, seminal vesicle invasion, positive surgical margin and regional lymph node metastasis of Inv were distributed between those of Loc and Pen. Postoperative management was decided as routine check-up or endocrine therapy according to pathological findings. Median follow-up was 59 months. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) relapse occurred in 13 patients, one of whom died of prostate cancer. The remaining of these patients lived. Rate of PSA relapse was not different between Loc and Inv, mainly due to endocrine therapy to Inv with high risk factors.Conclusion: Pathological profile of Inv lies between those of Loc and Pen. Therefore, pT2a (1997) would be subclassified as Loc and Inv. Patients with Inv may be required to receive the respective management according to clinicopathological profile, which would be different to that of Loc.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2042.2003.00630.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Change in the ratio of free-to-total prostate-specific antigen during progression of advanced prostate cancer (2000)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    International journal of urology 7 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : The ratio of free-to-total prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is different in benign prostatic hyperplasia and in the early stage of prostate cancer. The present study was undertaken to examine the ratio of free-to-total PSA in the advanced stage of this cancer and its subsequent change during course of the disease. Methods : Free and total PSA were measured in sera collected from the following patients with benign and cancerous prostatic diseases: 47 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy, nine in T1C with less than 10 ng/mL of total PSA, 11 in stage C, 16 in D2, 22 in remission under endocrine therapy, and 12 in relapse. In addition, PSA was measured sequentially in four other patients who were also in relapse. Results : The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in early and advanced stages of untreated prostate cancer and was lower than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia. The ratio increased to the level of benign prostatic hyperplasia during remission from stages C and D2 under endocrine therapy. There was no correlation with the intervals from the start of the therapy to examination. Following relapse, the ratio came down gradually to the level obtained in untreated prostate cancer. Conclusion : The ratio of free-to-total PSA was similar in all stages of untreated prostate cancer. Response and relapse to endocrine therapy were associated with increase and decrease in ratio, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2042.2000.00144.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunohistochemical finding of α-1-antichymotrypsin in tissues of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer (1999)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    International journal of urology 6 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background : Ratio of free to total (F/T) prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is higher in the blood of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia than those with prostate cancer. To clarify the difference between ratios in these two, α-1-antichymotrypsin, the major component of the bound PSA in the blood, was immunohistochemically examined. Methods : Tissues were obtained surgically via a retropubic approach from patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (nine cases) and prostate cancer (27 cases). These samples were processed in paraffin blocks, cut into 5 mm sections and stained with antibodies against α-1-antichymotrypsin and PSA. Results : The percentage of α-1-antichymotrypsin-stained cells in prostate cancer was higher than that in benign prostatic hyperplasia (P 〈 0.05). Almost all of glandular and cancer cells were stained with PSA antibody. The percentage of α-1-antichymotrypsin-stained cells in prostate cancer did not correlate to histologic grade, although α-1-antichymotrypsin-stained cells were more widely scattered in high grade tissues. No correlation was found between α-1-antichymotrypsin-stained cells and ratio of F/T in the blood of cancer patients. In about 20% of cancer tissues, histiocytes with positive α-1-antichymotrypsin staining were found in stroma but not in that of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Conclusions : Prostate cancer tissues are shown to have a richer environment of α-1-antichymotrypsin than those of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Some cancer tissues contained α-1-antichymotrypsin-stained histiocytes. These local events may correlate to a high amount of the bound form among total PSA in the blood of prostate cancer patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2042.1999.00118.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Surgical Approach to Tumor Thrombus of Renal Cell Carcinoma at the Level between Hepatic Vein and Diaphragm (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of urology 4 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: BackgroundThe curative resection of tumor thrombus of renal cell carcinoma often provides a good prognosis, but the best surgical method for resection at the level between hepatic vein and diaphragm is still a matter of controversy. MethodsWe performed transabdominal surgery without cardio-pulmonary bypass on 4 patients with tumor thrombus at the level between hepatic vein and diaphragm. The surgical procedures were as follows: The right lobe of the liver was separated and detached from the retroperitoneum, and then the vena cava was clamped just below the diaphragm simultaneous with clamping the porta hepatis. After complete circulatory isolation of the vena cava, the tumor thrombus was resected. Results: There were no severe complications postoperatively. Two patients died of cancer 18 and 38 months after surgery, and the other 2 are alive without evidence of disease after 62 and 66 months. Conclusion: This anatomically rational approach is thought to be a good alternative to the pull-through method or cardio-pulmonary bypass for removing a tumor thrombus at this level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.1997.tb00131.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship between Grade of Varicocele and the Response to Varicocelectomy (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of urology 3 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: Although several studies indicate that larger varicoceles are associated with greater impairment of spermatogenesis, others suggest that the response to surgery is independent of varicocele size. In order to elucidate these seeming contradictions, correlations between the preoperative evaluation of varicoceles and improvement in semen quality after varicocelectomy were investigated.Methods: Forty men with left unilateral varicocele, followed for at least 6 months after varicocelectomy, were included in this study. The relationships between the grade of varicocele by palpation, Doppler examination, ultrasound, or scintigraphy were correlated with a postoperative improvement in sperm density or sperm motility.Results: Greater improvement in sperm density was observed in the patients with a large varicocele graded by palpation or measured by ultrasound, and greater improvement in sperm motility was observed in the patients with high uptake of radioactivity in the left side by scrotal scintigraphy.Conclusion: An improvement in semen quality after varicocelectomy is greater in patients with a large varicocele than in the patients with a small one. The significance of surgical repair of a small varicocele should be reconsidered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.1996.tb00535.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DIURNAL RHYTHM OF SERUM gM-SEMINOPROTEIN IN PATIENTS WITH UNTREATED PROSTATE CANCER: COMPARISON OF THE ORIGINAL AND REVISED ASSAY KITS (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of urology 1 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: To compare levels of y-seminoprotein (gM-Sm) assayed by original and revised assay systems, blood was obtained every 4 h over a 32-h period from 8 untreated prostate cancer patients. Serum levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA) were also examined. In 6 patients, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the serum levels assayed by the revised assay was significantly different from that of the intra-assay samples. In contrast, the CV of the gM-Sm serum levels assayed by the original assay differed significantly from that of the intra-assay samples in only 2 patients. The fluctuations in gM-Sm assayed by the revised assay were, at least in part, similar to those of the PSA serum levels in all patients. The mean CV of the gM-Sm serum levels assayed by the revised assay was significantly larger than that for levels measured by the original assay. After treatment, the rate of decrease in gM-Sm serum levels determined by the original assay differed from that in the serum levels of PSA and prostatic acid phosphatase. These results indicate that the original assay for gM-Sm do not detect diurnal differences in serum gM-Sm levels, even at levels below 20 ng/ml. These observations indicate that the analysis of data obtained using the original gM-Sm kit should be interpreted with caution.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.1994.tb00047.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characteristics of Androgen-Independent Growth of Androgen-Responsive Shionogi Carcinoma 115 Cells (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of urology 3 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The effects of castration on the biological features of an androgen-responsive carcinoma were examined in order to clarify the mechanism responsible for the relapse of an androgen-responsive carcinoma after androgen ablation therapy.Methods: A well-characterized androgen-responsive mammary carcinoma, Shionogi carcinoma 115 (SC115), was used for these experiments. Male mice were examined for the effects of castration on the growth rate of the tumor, the number of androgen receptor-positive cells, and the karyotype of the SC115 tumors. Castration was performed 1 week prior to tumor transplantation, or 2 or 3 weeks after tumor transplantation.Results: SC115 tumors did not develop when transplanted into castrated male mice. When castration was performed 2 weeks after transplantation, the tumor showed androgen-independent growth with temporary regression of growth rate. However, when castration was performed more than 3 weeks after transplantation, the tumor showed androgen-independent growth not associated with any temporal regression of growth rate. There were no significant differences in histological features or the number of androgen receptor-positive cells between SC115 tumors in untreated or castrated mice. To test whether SC115 tumors growing under androgen-deprived conditions became fully androgen-independent, SC115 tumors were transplanted in both male and female mice. A transplanted tumor piece grew progressively only in male mice. This indicates that the SC115 tumor maintains its androgen response in the next generation, even though growth of the tumor resumed after temporary suppression due to castration. Chromosomal analyses revealed no apparent cytogenetic changes in the SC115 tumors that resumed growth under androgen-deprived conditions.Conclusion: These results suggest that no gross changes in the number of androgen receptor-positive cells or karyotype are necessary for androgen-independent growth in this system once the size of tumor increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2042.1996.tb00536.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Progression of prostate cancer to neuroendocrine cell tumor (2001)
    Melbourne, Australia : Blackwell Science Pty
    International journal of urology 8 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1442-2042
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: The progression to endocrine therapy-resistant prostate cancer is partly due to clonal change to neuroendocrine cell tumor. To elucidate this pathologic process, the clinical courses of four cases of neuroendocrine cell tumor that were found at autopsy are reported.Methods: Between 1995 and 1999, autopsies were performed for 20 cases of prostate cancer. Lesions predominantly composed of a neuroendocrine cell tumor (small cell carcinoma) were found in four men. The clinical courses of these cases were compared to 16 other non-neuroendocrine cell tumors (adenocarcinomas).Results: The outstanding features of the neuroendocrine cell tumors were: (i) survival was brief after relapse, although the duration of control by employing endocrine therapy varied; (ii) the prostate-specific antigen level did not increase after relapse; and (iii) the sites of metastasis were similar to those of common adenocarcinomas.〈section xml:id="abs1-1"〉〈title type="main"〉Conclusion:The progression to a neuroendocrine cell tumor indicated a poor prognosis and slight (if any) changes in the serum prostate-specific antigen level. This tumor might not appear to respond to any therapeutic attempt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1442-2042.2001.00347.x
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