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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Acute lymphocytic leukemia cytochemistry and ultrastructure (1974)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 29 (1974), S. 87-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf Grund zytochemischer Untersuchungen läßt sich ein besonderer-PAS- und β-Glukuronidase-positiver-Typ unreifzelliger Leukämien abgrenzen, der auch als akute lymphatische Leukämie bezeichnet wird (ALL). Das zytochemische Muster, ebenso wie die elektronenmikroskopische Erscheinung, sprechen für eine geringe zytologische Differenzierung. Degenerationsformen der Mitochondrien scheinen für die ALL typisch. Klinische Besonderheiten dieser Leukämieform betreffen eine deutlich bessere Prognose und eine besondere Empfindlichkeit gegenüber Vincristin, L-Asparaginase und Glukokortikoiden und die Neigung zur Ausbildung einer Meningosis leukaemica.
    Notes: Summary Cytochemical methods allow the distinction of a peculiar-PAS and β-glucuronidase positive-type of acute leukemia, which, according to previous authors, is termed acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). The cytochemical pattern suggests poor differentiation, which is confirmed by electron microscopic investigations. Degenerating mitochondria seem to be peculiar for this cytological type of acute leukemia. The special clinical features observed in ALL in adults include a distinctly better prognosis, a special sensitivity towards Vincristin, L-asparaginase, and glucocorticoids as well as the tendency to develop leukemic meningosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01633832
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Abnormal expansions of granular lymphocytes: Reactive lymphocytosis or chronic leukemia? case report and literature review (1986)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 52 (1986), S. 73-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Large granular lymphocytes ; Natural killer cells ; Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A case of chronic lymphoproliferative disorder is presented, wherein a morphologically homogeneous population of lymphoid cells displayed properties similar to those described for large granular lymphocytes (LGL). Besides their LGL-like phenotype (VEP 13+, OKM 1+, OKT 10+ Fc-IgG-receptor+, OKT 3−), the proliferating cells were cytotoxic to NK targets as well as to antibody-coated target cells. Clinically, our patient presented low-grade lymphocytosis, splenomegaly, neutropenia, hyperimmunoglobulinemia and recurrent infections. Based upon this and 32 similar cases reported in the literature, we conclude that lymphoproliferative disorders involving GL encompass a variety of clinical entities, ranging from reactive GL lymphocytoses to overt lymphocytic malignancies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00321070
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Bedeutung der PAS-positiven Myeloblastenleukämie (1976)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 33 (1976), S. 103-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Myeloblastic leukemia ; granular PAS-positive leukemia ; prognosis of leukemia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary We refer to 48 adult patients suffering from acute myeloblastic leukemia, whose leukemic cells showed a typical cytochemical pattern: i.e. weak staining for peroxydase and with Sudanblack B and lacking or only weak staining for nonspecific esterase. In 8 patients the leukemic myeloblasts additionally showed distinct granular staining for polysaccharides using the PAS-reaction. The therapeutic response, the remission rate and the survival time of these 8 cases have been compared to those of 40 patients, whose leukemic myeloblasts differed exclusively in the absence of granular PAS-positive materials. Out of the latter PAS-negative cases 7 patients (18%) went into a complete remission (M1, P1), 5 patients achieved partial remission (M2, P1-2), the 50%-survival time was 4.9 months. Out of the 8 granular PAS-positive cases 4 patients (50%) went into complete (M1, P1), and 1 reached partial remission (M2, P1-2). The 50%-survival time of the cases now lasts 10.1 months and three patients are still alive and in persisting complete remission 19, 12.5 and 12 months after diagnosis. These results suggest a better prognosis and an improved therapeutic response in those myeloblastic leukemias which additionally contain cytoplasmic granular PAS-positive materials.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In unserem Leukämiekrankengut (erwachsene Patienten) konnten wir mittels zytochemischer Analyse 8 granulär PAS-positive Fälle von Myeloblastenleukämie feststellen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden diese 8 Fälle 40 Patienten mit PAS-negativer Myeloblastenleukämie gegenübergestellt und die Therapieergebnisse bzw. Remissionsraten und Überlebenszeiten verglichen. Von 40 Patienten mit PAS-negativen Blasten wurde bei 7 (18%) eine Voll-, bei 5 eine Teilremission erreicht. Die 50%-Überlebensrate betrug 4,9 Monate. Von 8 Patienten mit PAS-positiven Blasten erreichten 4 (50%) eine Voll-, 1 eine Teilremission. Die durchschnittliche Überlebenszeit beträgt bisher 10,1 Monate. 3 Patienten sind 19, 12,5 und 12 Monate nach Therapiebeginn noch am Leben und in Vollremission. Diese Beobachtungen weisen auf eine bessere Prognose und einen besseren Therapieerfolg bei der PAS-positiven Myeloblastenleukämie — im Vergleich zur PAS-negativen — hin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00999873
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hydrolysis of a chymotrypsin substrate and of naphthol AS-D chloroacetate by human leukocyte granules (1973)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 26 (1973), S. 239-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wurde die subzelluläre Verteilung zweier Esterasen in neutrophilen Granulozyten von Patienten mit chronischer Myelose bestimmt. Eine der beiden Esterasen hydrolysierte den N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosinäthylester, der ein typisches Substrat für Chymotrypsin ist, die andere hydrolysierte Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetat, das in der Zytochemie zur Darstellung von Esteraseaktivitäten verwendet wird. Beide Esteraseaktivitäten konnten in der Granulafraktion lokalisiert werden, das pH-Optimum ihrer Aktivität liegt bei pH 7,4. 59% der gesamten Granulaproteine konnten in 0,15M NaCl (pH 7,0) gelöst werden. Die löslichen Granulaproteine enthielten 73% der Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetat-Esteraseaktivität, jedoch nur 17% der Esteraseaktivität gegenüber dem N-Acetyl-L-Tyrosinäthylester. Die Acrylamid-Gelelektrophorese bei pH 4,3 zeigte mehrere Banden mit Esteraseaktivität gegenüber Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetat. Zum Vergleich des Proteinmusters des löslichen Lysats mit dem des unlöslichen Rückstands der Granulafraktion wurde nach dem Lösen der Proteine in einer Mischung aus Phenol, Eisessig und Harnstoff eine weitere Acrylamid-Gelelektrophorese durchgeführt. Die Hydrolyse des Naphthol-AS-D-chloracetats durch die Granulafraktion wurde mit der Spaltung des gleichen Substrats durch die Proteasen Chymotrypsin, Trypsin und Pankreatopeptidase E (Elastase) verglichen.
    Notes: Summary The subcellular distribution has been investigated of two esterases from human neutrophil granulocytes obtained from patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia. One esterase hydrolyzed the typical chymotrypsin substrate N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, the other hydrolyzed naphthol AS-D chloroacetate, a substance which is used in cytochemistry for the demonstration of esterase activity. Both enzymes could be recovered almost exclusively in the granule fraction and were optimally active at about pH 7.4. After lysis of the granules by hypoosmotic shock 73% of the naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity could be dissolved in buffered 0.15M sodium chloride (pH 7.0) in contrast to only 17% of the N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl esterase activity. The soluble lysate contained 59% of the total granule protein. It was subjected to acrylamide-gel electrophoresis at acid pH and multiple bands of naphthol AS-D chloroacetate esterase activity were demonstrated on the gels. Acrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the insoluble proteins and the soluble lysate of the granule fraction was carried out after dissolution of the proteins in phenol-acetic acid-urea and the resulting electrophoretic patterns were compared. Hydrolysis of naphthol AS-D chloroacetate by the granule fraction was compared to hydrolysis of the same substrate effected by the pure proteases chymotrypsin, trypsin, and pancreatopeptidase E.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01631788
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochemistry and ultrastructure of pathologic granulation in myelogenous leukemia (1973)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 27 (1973), S. 243-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Vorstufen der Granulozyten und der Monozyten sind während ihrer Reifung durch die Bildung charakteristischer Granula gekennzeichnet. Mit der Leukämie in Zusammenhang stehende Defekte in der Bildung dieser hochspezialisierten Zellorganellen spiegeln eine Störung des RNA-Stoffwechsels der leukämischen Zelle wieder. Eine pathologische Granulierung kann klinisch von Bedeutung sein: 1. kann hierdurch die Klassifizierung der akuten Leukämie nach verschiedenen zytologischen Typen erleichtert werden; 2. kann hierdurch eine Störung des Leukozyten-Stoffwechsels sichtbar gemacht werden, wie sie bei präleukämischen Zuständen oder als Folge der Behandlung mit Zytostatika auftreten kann. Der Defekt in der Bildung kann sich äußern entweder in einer teilweisen oder vollständigen Einschränkung einzelner oder mehrerer Enzyme der Granula, oder aber sogar in dem teilweisen oder vollständigen Versagen in der Bildung eines bestimmten Granulatyps. Weiterhin kann in einer homogenen leukämischen Zellpopulation eine außergewöhnliche Vermehrung spezifischer Enzymaktivitäten gefunden werden, sowie das Nebeneinander von für verschiedene Zelltypen charakteristischen Granula. Elektronenmikroskopisch lassen sich Hinweise dafür gewinnen, daß die Bildung der Granula in jeder morphologisch zu unterscheidenden Reifestufe der Granula-Bildung gestört sein kann. Eine Zusammenballung oder ein Verschmelzen von Granula und atypischen Zytosomen kann weitere pathologische subzelluläre Strukturen mit Enzym-Aktivitäten der Granula verursachen.
    Notes: Summary The production of characteristic granules is one of the most specialized functions concerned with the development of granulocytes and monocytes. Leukemia-associated defects in the production of these highly specialized cell organelles reflect the perturbation of the RNA metabolism within the leukemic cells. Pathologic granulation can be of some clinical importance as a diagnostic aid in identifying various cytological types of acute leukemia as well as giving an indication for the profound perturbation in the intrinsic leukocyte regulation, as it occurs in preleukemic states or following treatment with some cytotoxic agents. The defects in granule production may lead either to a partial or complete reduction of a single or of several granular enzymes as well as in the partial or complete failure of the production of a given type of granules. On the other hand unusual increases of specific enzyme activities can be found as well as combination of characteristic granules of different cell types within one homogenous leukemic cell population. Ultrastructural evidence has been obtained that the production of granules may be disturbed at any morphologically identifiable stage of granulogenesis. Pathological agglomeration or fusion of granules with atypical cytosomes may lead to further abnormal subcellular structures exhibiting granular enzyme activities.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01637437
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur Typenverteilung, Alters- und Geschlechtsdisposition der akuten Leukämien des Erwachsenen (1973)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 27 (1973), S. 302-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 204 cases of acute leukemia of adults have been investigated cytochemically and classified. 48,5% were identified as acute myeloid leukemia. Except a few patients with rather rare cytological forms of leukemia 12.3% of the cases were classified as acute lymphatic leukemia, 10.8% as monocytic, 9.3% as promyelocytic, 8.8% of the patients had cytochemically undifferentiated and 6.4% had mixed myelomonocytic forms of leukemia. 58.9% of the patients were of male, 41.1% of female sex. Special sex disposition was observed in acute lymphatic leukemia (72% male, 28% female) and in monocytic leukemia (33% male, 67% female). Among all cytological forms of acute leukemia the highest incidence was found in the age range of 60 to 70 years. In contrast the highest frequency of acute lymphatic leukemia was observed among young people (20 to 30 years). Acute myeloid and especially monocytic and myelomonocytic leukemias are mainly found among patients of 50 to 70 years of age.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 204 Fälle akuter Leukämien bei Erwachsenen wurden zytochemisch untersucht und klassifiziert. 48,5% davon waren akute myeloische Leukämien. Auf die akute lymphatische Leukämie entfielen 12,3%, auf die Monozytenleukämie 10,8%, auf die Promyelozytenleukämie 9,3%, auf undifferenzierte Formen 8,8% und auf die myelomonozytäre Leukämie 6,4%. Der Rest waren seltene Formen. 58,9% der Patienten waren männlichen, 41,1% weiblichen Geschlechts. Besondere Geschlechtsdispositionen wiesen die akute lymphatische Leukämie (72% Männer, 28% Frauen) und die Monozytenleukämie (33% Männer, 67% Frauen) auf. Die akute lymphatische Leukämie erwies sich vor allem als Erkrankung des jugendlichen Erwachsenen, die akute myeloische und besonders die Monozyten- und die myelomonozytäre Leukämie traten hauptsächlich im höheren Alter auf. Bei Beurteilung des Therapieerfolges muß dies berücksichtigt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01631041
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Investigation of granulocytopoietic kinetics by microdensitometric evaluation of primary granule naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase activity (1983)
    Springer
    Annals of hematology 47 (1983), S. 271-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0584
    Keywords: Bone marrow neutrophils ; Granulopoiesis ; Kinetics ; Neutrophil primary granules ; Microdensitometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using a scanning microscope photometer we determined quantitatively the enzymecytochemical reaction product for naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase in neutrophilic granulocytes and their precursors in man. Evaluation of neutrophilic cells from three healthy donors resulted in a logarithm-normal distribution. After subdivision of these cells in their morphologically defined maturational stages no statistically bimodal distribution was shown within the single cell groups. Myelocytes showed twice the amount of the polymorphonuclear neutrophil absorption values. The highest promyelocyte obsorptions were double the values of the myelocyte absorptions. The standard deviation of the absorbance obtained with promyelocytes (which encompass cells already producing granules up to cells reaching their maximal granule content) was significantly higher than the standard deviation of the myelocytes. As already known, primary granules are only synthesized at the promyelocyte stage and — according to the present knowledge — their chloracylesterase and peroxidase activities are not lost during further maturation. Consequently, our results indicate that only enzyme-rich, late promyelocytes undergo mitosis transforming into myelocytes. Correspondingly, their absorption value was halved. Since the absorbance from myelocytes to polymorphonuclears is again halved, myelocytes divide only once. Metamyelocyte absorptions in part correspond to that of myelocytes. This indicates that no distinction can be made between myelocytes with mitotic capacity and “true” if only the size and the nuclear shape are considered metamyelocytes which are not longer capable of undergoing mitosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00319896
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