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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 64 (1969), S. 118-134 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Exkretionssystem von Ascaris lumbricoides besteht aus einer einzigen großen etwa H-förmigen Zelle, deren lange Sehenkel in den lateralen Epidermisleisten der Tiere liegen. Die Schenkel sind jeweils von einem intrazellulären Kanal durchzogen, dessen Lumen nach den elektronenmikroskopischen Untersuchungen nach hinten zu schnell abnimmt. Die Kanalwandung ist aus geschichteten Cytoplasmaplatten aufgebaut, die anscheinend aus einer dicht gepackten Vesikelschicht hervorgehen. Auch die äußere Zellmembran besitzt Oberflächendifferenzierungen in Form tiefer Einfaltungen. Die Zellschenkel sind von schwammartigen Hüllzellen zur Leibeshöhle hin umgeben. Eine Basalmembran bildet die Grenze zur Leibeshöhle. Die physiologischen Untersuchungen zeigen, daß das Exkretionssystem für die Osmoregulation ohne Bedeutung ist; dagegen spielt das System für die Ionen-Regulation eine Rolle: Nach Aufenthalt in stark Na+-haltigen Medien steigt die Konzentration an Na+ im Endharn stark an, die Konzentration an K+ sinkt; nach Aufenthalt in stark K+-haltigen Medien war es genau umgekehrt. Die Konzentration an K+ und Na+ in der Leibeshöhlenflüssigkeit blieb erhalten. Die morphologischen Befunde lassen es unwahrscheinlich erscheinen, daß sich der Harn durch Filtration bildet. Gegen eine Filtration spricht auch der Befund, daß in die Leibeshöhle eingebrachtes Inulin im Endharn nicht nachweisbar war. Die Harnbildung erfolgt daher wahrscheinlich durch Sekretion.
    Notes: Summary The excretory system of Ascaris lumbriocoides L. is formed by one single cell. This cell is H-shaped, with the two long tubules running in each lateral chord on both sides of the animal. The diameter of tubular lumen declines rapidly along tubular length. The cellular wall is formed by layers of cytoplasma plates which seem to originate in a densely packed vesicle layer (Fig. 2). The outer cellmembrane has deep basal infoldings. Between cell and body cavity spongelike cells are located. The body cavity is lined with a basal membrane. The constancy of final urine osmolality during immersion in hypo- or hypertonic solutions demonstrated no important role of the excretory system in osmoregulation, whereas the Na+-and K+-excretion varied remarkably with the electrolyte composition of the bathing solution (Fig. 9), indicating the importance of the excretory system in ion regulation of body fluid. Inulin-C14 injected into body cavity was not excreted in the final urine, a result consistent with the finding that no filtration elements were detected by morphological examination. Therefore in this animal urine is formed by secretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Rat ; Micropuncture ; Tubuloglomerular feedback ; DOCA-salt treatment ; Extracellular volume
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were performed in anesthetized rats to investigate the time course of the adaptive changes in tubuloglomerular feedback reactivity and juxtaglomerular renin activity induced by DOCA and NaCl loading (isotonic saline as drinking fluid plus daily injections of 25 mg/kg DOCA). In these DOCA escaped rats we studied further the effect of acute volume depletion and repletion on the magnitude of feedback responses. A significant reduction of feedback reactivity was found on the fifth day after starting the DOCA-salt treatment with maximum depression being established after two weeks. In contrast, significant reduction of juxtaglomerular renin content required 10 days and maximum depression three weeks of DOCA-salt administration. In DOCA-salt treated animals with severely curtailed feedback responses acute volume depletion was induced by a single injection of furosemide (10 mg/kg) leading to an excretion of 0.49 ±0.17 mEq sodium and a mean decrease of body weight of 2.17±0.22% over a period of 60–70 min. Mean feedback response (expressed as percent change of early proximal flow rate caused by elevating loop of Henle flow rate from zero to 40 nl/min) was −43.9 ±4.0%, significantly greater than in the pre-depletion phase and indistinguishable from responses seen in normal control rats. Repletion of extracellular volume by infusing HCO3-Ringer solution over 20 min induced a reduction in feedback responsivity to −12.0±2.9%. Plasma and juxtaglomerular renin concentration increased with volume depletion and decreased with volume repletion, but remained considerably lower than observed in normal control rats. Our results suggest that the tubuloglomerular feedback system responds to acute alterations in extracellular volume with rapid adaptations in its reactivity which is consistent with its role in the control of sodium excretion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Kidney ; Glomerular filtration rate ; Atrium ; NaCl excretion ; Volume regulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Micropuncture studies of the renal effects of atrial natriuretic substance. Injection of atrial extract produced by homogenization, boiling and centrifugation of atrial tissue from one heart caused a 10 fold increase in urine flow rate and a 30-fold increase in Na excretion. Similarly prepared extracts of ventricle were without effect. To identify the site of action of atrial natriuretic substance, extract was infused intravenously at rates corresponding to 3 or 6 atria per hour. During infusion at a rate of 3 atria per hour mean urine flow increased from 9.5±2.8 to 17.2±1.2 μl/min and Na excretion from 0.14±0.06 to 1.78±0.14 μmol/min. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), single nephron filtration rate (SNGFR) and proximal and loop of Henle fluid absorption did not change significantly. During infusion of 6 atria per hour, paralleling a greater rise in urine flow rate (from 6.4±2.09 to 40.3±7.5 μl/min) and in sodium excretion (from 0.18±0.0008 to 5.97±0.93 μmol/min), filtration rate, measured for either the single nephron or the whole kidney, rose. As a consequence of the rise in GFR, delivery of fluid and chloride into the distal tubule increased significantly. These data suggest that to a major extent the natriuresis is caused by transport inhibition along collecting tubules and collecting ducts. In addition, at high doses a rise in filtration rate contributes to the natriuretic effect of atrial extracts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Glomerular filtration rate ; Juxta-glomerular apparatus ; Macula densa ; Tubulo-glomerular feedback ; Chloride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been concluded that tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism is triggered by changes in NaCl concentration ([NaCl]) at the macula densa. This conclusion is based on the demonstration that changes in filtration rate produced during retrograde perfusion of the loop of Henle depend upon the perfusate [NaCl]. Experiments were performed to evaluate whether the effect on glomerular function of orthograde perfusion of the loop of Henle is consistent with this conclusion. Early proximal flow rate ( $$\dot V_{EP} $$ ), stop-flow pressure (P SF), early distal chloride concentration ([Cl]), and flow rate were measured during perfusion of the loop of Henle with mannitol solution (300 mosm kg−1), 30 mM NaCl+mannitol (300 mosm kg−1), 140 mM Na isethionate and artificial tubular fluid. When distal flow exceeded 10 nl min−1, the magnitude of the glomerular response was predictable from the [Cl]. The linear regression line, $$\Delta \dot V_{EP} = - 0.027{\text{ }}[Cl]{\text{ + 4}}{\text{.3}}$$ , did not differ from that obtained previously with the retrograde technique. Retrograde perfusion with 140 mM Na isethionate was without effect on $$\dot V_{EP} $$ . We conclude that the effect on glomerular function of perfusion of the loop of Henle in either an orthograde or a retrograde direction with these solutions depends upon the chloride concentration at the macula densa.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2013
    Keywords: Prague hypertensive rat ; Kidney and hypertension ; Genetic hypertension ; Hypertensive substance ; Kidney transplantation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown that genetic hypertension in rats usually “travels with the kidney”. To elucidate the mechanism of this phenomenon further, experiments were carried out in the Prague hypertensive (PH) rat, a model of genetic hypertension derived from the Wistar strain, in which a normotensive parallel, the Prague normotensive (PN) rat, was also bred from the same parent pair. Thus, it is possible to transfer organs between both parallels without substantial signs of rejection and without the use of immunosuppressive drugs. Unilateral nephrectomy and transplantation of one kidney between PH and PN rats, did not affect the arterial blood pressure (BP). Transplantation of one kidney from PN rats to bilaterally nephrectomised PH rats normalised the high BP. If a PH rat was left with one original kidney in situ after the transplantation of a “normotensive” kidney, the high BP persisted until the original “hypertensive” kidney was removed. This removal resulted in sustained normalisation of BP. When the development of high BP in the PH rats was prevented for 2 months after weaning by antihypertensive drugs, transplantation of kidneys from these rats to bilaterally nephrectomised PN rats always induced a sustained hypertension in the recipient. These results argue against a role of high-BP-induced damage to the kidney and against an intrinsic increase in the salt-reabsorptive capacity of the tubular epithelium in PH rats. The data support the view that the kidney from PH rats produces a “hypertensinogenic” substance, the secretion of which is genetically determined and is not influenced by the magnitude of the BP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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