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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 20 (1981), S. 443-457 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Viscoelastic constitutìve equation ; birefringence ; stress growth ; stress relaxation ; elastic recovery ; polymeric fluid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das viskoelastische Verhalten von Polymer-Systemen wurde auf der Basis des Leonov-Modells für die folgenden Fälle untersucht: (i) Spannungsaufbau und Relaxation bei unterbrochener Scherströmung, (ii) abklingende Spannung nach einem Sprung in der Scherdeformation und (iii) elastische Erholung nach voraufgegangener Scherung. Eine große Zahl von Relaxations-Elementen konnte einbezogen werden, wobei die Modellparameter von herkömmlichen rheologischen Daten mit Hilfe der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate ermittelt wurden. Bei einer genügend großen Zahl von Relaxations-Elementen stimmen die gewonnenen Vorhersagen sehr gut mit experimentellen Daten aus der Literatur überein. Dies gilt vor allem auch für solche Daten, die mit Hilfe von optischen Methoden für die Fälle (i) und (ii) ermittelt worden sind. Die hier vorgelegte Theorie bestätigt ebenfalls die Lodge-Meissner-Beziehung (τ 11 −τ 22)/τ 12 =γ 0 bei einer sprunghaften Änderung der Schergeschwindigkeit. Durchweg führt das Leonov-Modell in diesen Testfällen zu Ergebnissen, die mit Wagners Theorie vergleichbar sind. Leonovs Modell ist jedoch weitaus einfacher anzuwenden und bietet somit die Möglichkeit, auch praktisch bedeutsame Strömungsprobleme zu analysieren.
    Notes: Summary The viscoelastic behavior of polymeric systems based upon the Leonov model has been examined for (i) stress growth and relaxation with intermittent shear flow, (ii) stress relaxation after a step in the shear strain and (iii) elastic recovery after shear flow. A large number of modes have been conveniently incorporated through the determination of the model parameters from conventional rheological data by using an effective least-square procedure. With a sufficient number of modes, the predictions are in very good agreement with corresponding experiments in literature, including the recent data for cases (i) and (ii) obtained by optical methods. The present theory agrees also with the Lodge-Meissner relation (τ 11 −τ 22)/τ 12 =γ 0 in a step-shear experiment. In general, the Leonov model leads to results which, in these test cases, are comparable to those from Wagner's theory. It is, however, considerably less difficult to apply, thus offering the possibility of analysing flow problems of practical interest.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meccanica 30 (1995), S. 127-137 
    ISSN: 1572-9648
    Keywords: Potential-vorticity decomposition ; Transpiration velocity ; Boundary layer ; Fluid Mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Sommario Nell'analisi di flussi viscosi di interesse aeronautico, la perturbazione al flusso esterno, dovuta agli effetti della viscosità che si manifestano al contorno, è comunemente approssimata mediante la velocità di traspirazione. Tale approssimazione consiste nell'assumere l'esistenza di un flusso uscente dalle pareti stesse, avente velocità (detta di traspirazione) determinata sulla base delle caratteristiche locali dello strato limite. In questo lavoro, tramite lo sviluppo di una nuova decomposizione potenziale-vorticità per il campo di velocità, viene derivata una formulazione esatta per la descrizione degli effetti dello strato limite sul flusso esterno. Questa viene confrontata con la rappresentazione approssimata del potenziale esterno basata sulla velocità di traspirazione: si mostra che, sotto tipiche ipotesi di strato limite, la nuova si riduce a quella di Lighthill, a meno di un termine correttivo di campo. Infine, per valutare quantitativamente il contributo del termine di campo presente nella nuova formulazione, vengono presentati i risultati numerici relativi al semplice caso di uno strato limite attaccato generato dal moto traslatorio uniforme di una lastra piana: essi indicano che il termine correttivo è trascurabile per numeri di Reynolds superiori a 104.
    Notes: Abstract The Lighthill transpiration-velocity correction is commonly used in the analysis of viscous flows of aeronautical interest, in order to take into account the perturbation to the potential flow caused by the presence of the vorticity in the boundary layer. This correction consists of considering the boundary as a permeable surface from which the fluid flows through the boundary surface, with a velocity (named the transpiration velocity) determined on the basis of the local boundary-layer characteristics. Here, we use a new potential-vorticity decomposition in order to derive an exact representation of the effects of the vorticity on the external flow. The relationship between approximate transpiration-velocity representation and the exact one presented here is analyzed: it is shown that, under typical boundary-layer assumptions, the new representation reduces to that by Lighthill, except for a corrective field term. Finally, in order to quantify, in a simple case, the contribution of the corrective terms which arise in the new formulation, we examine, as a numerical test case, the problem of an attached boundary-layer flow over a flat plate: the numerical results indicate that the corrective term is negligible for Reynolds numbers above 104.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 2 (1970), S. 251-265 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Brownian motion ; molecular diffusion ; Einstein's diffusion coefficient ; fluctuation-dissipation theorem ; equipartition theorem ; entropy ; statistical mechanics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis is made of the motion of a spherical Brownian particle whose surface can diffusely reflect the molecules of an equilibrium host gas. The analysis is based on Newton's second law and a limiting form of Markov's method. It is shown, both for specular and diffuse reflections, that equipartition of energy is a consequence of the dynamics and randomness of the motion. In addition, it is demonstrated that the diffusion coefficient can depend on the temperature of the particle. The entire analysis is restricted to the case for which the Knudsen number of the particle is large compared to unity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta mechanica 49 (1983), S. 241-254 
    ISSN: 1619-6937
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Abstract The possible singular structure of a steady boundary layer at separation for a regularly prescribed outer flow and an upstream moving wall is examined. By means of a family of similar solutions it is shown that a consistent description can indeed accomodate the flattening of the velocity profile at flow reversal postulated in the so called MRS-model of separation. The conditions in the separated region downstream, being unknown, are reflected in the non-uniqueness of the expansion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1619-6937
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Summary The numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for an unsteady compressible flow is employed to follow the development of periodic vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder starded from rest. The periodic vortex shedding is found to be a direct consequence of the interaction between the upper and lower primary vortices behind the cylinder, while the topological instability of the full saddle-point joining the vortices and the outer flow can be seen to play a predominant role in the process. A criterion based upon the rate of distortion of fluid elements and derived from the previous Lagrangian analysis of boundary-layer separation has been applied to the present study of unsteady separating flow and is found to be instrumental in revealing critical regions and surfaces in the flow where the fluid elements are extremely deformed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 24 (1985), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Keywords: Constitutive theory ; polymeric liquid ; simple shear flow ; elongational flow
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract A unified constitutive theory for polymeric liquids has been recently proposed. Its derivation is based on a combination of continuum mechanical approach, transient-network concept and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. In the resulting model, many modes may be present for each of which there are two time scales, associated with the loss rate and the nonaffine motion of transient network junctions, respectively. A single effective relaxation time, constructed from the two time scales, governs the behavior in the linear regime of deformation. Two new parameters for each mode, in comparison with other models, are introduced: (i) the ratio “r” of the two time scales, and (ii) the index “a” distinguishing the rates of loss and creation of junctions. Both are important only for the nonlinear regime of deformation. In this paper, the theory is applied to predict the following cases: (i) stress growth at constant shear strain rate, (ii) steady shear-rate-dependent viscosity and first normal-stress difference and (iii) transient elongational viscosity at constant elongational strain rate. Determination of the model parameters based on usual characterization experiments is described. Comparison of calculated and observed behavior of low-density polyethylene at 150 °C available in the literature are presented. In general, the agreement of the predictions with experiment appear gratifying even with the simplest version of the new model.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of statistical physics 3 (1971), S. 291-305 
    ISSN: 1572-9613
    Keywords: Anisotropic Brownian motion ; convective diffusion ; stressphoresis ; kinetic theory ; stochastic processes ; nonequilibrium transport phenomena
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract An analysis is made of the effects on the diffusion of Brownian particles whose Knudsen number is large compared to unity, of nonuniformities in the host gas. As examples, in one type of nonuniformity of the host gas, the Chapman-Enskog velocity distribution function for the gas molecules is used; in the other, the host gas is a free-molecule Couette flow. In both cases, a new force on the Brownian particles appears. Two techniques are used (extending Kramers' method and utilizing the Chapman-Enskog method) to transform the new Fokker-Planck equation into generalized Smoluchowski and convective diffusion equations. In these equations, the diffusion coefficient appears as a second-order tensor. Thus, it is demonstrated that Brownian diffusion in a nonuniform gas is anisotropic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chichester [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 10 (1976), S. 565-577 
    ISSN: 0029-5981
    Keywords: Engineering ; Engineering General
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mathematics , Technology
    Notes: In applications of the finite element method to complicated nonlinear problems, it is proposed to simplify the operator in each element, typically by a linerization process. Local approximations can then be more easily constructed in the usual manner, and a proper assembly can be made. Such an approach would lead to an approximate global variational statement; or if the variational principle exists but is hard to handle, it should suggest an iterative scheme with a built-in physical basis, hence a better chance to converge. The case of high subsonic flow over a circular cylinder is studied in detail by this method. With linear triangular elements, numerical results are obtained for 100 nodal unknowns in each quadrant. The convergence is extremely rapid up to a free stream Mach number of 0.42, slightly above critical. The accuracy is excellent as compared against Imai's analytical results.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 32 (1992), S. 172-181 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The standard spiral flow test is normally used to assess the “moldability” of thermosetting materials. It is proposed that such tests can be modified and analyzed to yield rheological information as from a viscometer. Specifically, a “parameter-identification” scheme is developed to determine the constants in a viscosity model by minimizing the difference between the outcome of spiral flow tests and the results of numerical simulations of these tests. The proposed scheme is particularly applicable to fast-reacting thermosets for which typical viscometers cannot be used. Successful application of the scheme is demonstrated for a particular encapsulating epoxy material, where constants are obtained for a modified WLF equation viscosity model. These constants are used to predict the outcome of spiral flow experiments not involved in the minimization procedure. A favorable comparison between experiment and simulation occurs at most operating conditions. The method requires no elaborate equipment or delicate instrumentation.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Stamford, Conn. [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Polymer Engineering and Science 23 (1983), S. 20-26 
    ISSN: 0032-3888
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: A theoretical and experimental investigation is presented for filling thin cavities of variable gap thickness. The modeling is based upon a finite-element/finite-difference formulation for an inelastic power-law fluid and includes the effects of viscous heating and conduction upon the flow dynamics. Extensive results are presented for polypropylene and polystyrene melts injected into two variable-gap-thickness cavities, of which one has an insert. Good agreement is found between the predictions and measurements concerning the shape of the advancing melt front, the location of weld lines, and the temporal pressure trace at various positions in the cavity.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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