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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guidelines for adults on self-medication for the treatment of acute diarrhoea (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 15 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Acute uncomplicated diarrhoea is commonly treated by self-medication. Guidelines for treatment exist, but are inconsistent, sometimes contradictory, and often owe more to dogma than evidence. An ad hoc multidisciplinary group has reviewed the literature to determine best practice.In general it is recognized that treatment of acute episodes relieves discomfort and social dysfunction. There is no evidence that it prolongs the illness. Self-medication in otherwise healthy adults is safe.Oral loperamide is the treatment of choice. Older anti-diarrhoeal drugs are also effective in the relief of symptoms but carry the risk of unwanted adverse effects. Oral rehydration solutions do not relieve diarrhoea, and confer no added benefit for adults who can maintain their fluid intake. Probiotic agents are, at present, limited in efficacy and availability. Antimicrobial drugs, available without prescription in some countries, are not generally appropriate for self-medication, except for travellers on the basis of medical advice prior to departure.Medical intervention is recommended for the management of acute diarrhoea in the frail, the elderly (〉 75 years), persons with concurrent chronic disease, and children. Medical intervention is also required when there is no abatement of the symptoms after 48 h, or when there is evidence of deterioration such as dehydration, abdominal distension, or the onset of dysentery (pyrexia 〉 38.5 °C and/or bloody stools).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00993.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antibodies against Secreted and Non-Secreted Antigens in Mice after Infection with Live Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Scandinavian journal of immunology 36 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-3083
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Mice from four different inbred strains were infected with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the immune response to M. tuberculosis was followed for 24 weeks, using Western blotting. Nearly all mice, irrespective of H-2 type, reacted with the 3S-kDa protein band. Antibodies against this secreted 38-kDa protein were ihe first to appear, 4 weeks after infection. Thereafter the secreted 19-kDa protein and non-secreted antigens, such as the 65-kDa and 33-kDa proteins, were recognized. The immune response against the non-secreted antigens was influenced by the mouse strain. However, the 33-kDa protein band was recognized by all mouse strains after a second injection wilh live M. tuberculosis.The specificity of the antibodies was analysed in Western blot using sonicates of M. tuberculosis, M. kansasii, M avium. M. terrae, M. gordonae and Escherichia coli. Antibodies against the 38-kDa and 33-kDa protein bands seemed to be specific for M. tuberculosis, while antibodies against the 19-kDa protein band showed limited cross-reactivity. Antibodies against the 65-kDa prolein were strongly cross-reactive.These results suggest that the 38-kDa protein is secreted in vivo and, therefore, may be available to the humoral immune system at an early stage of infection. The non-secreted 33-kDa protein is only recognized by all mouse strains afler prolonged contact with M, tuberculosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3083.1992.tb02951.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of the combination of cholestyramine/alginates with placebo in the treatment of postgastrectomy biliary reflux gastritis (1981)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 21 (1981), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: gastrectomy ; biliary reflux gastritis ; cholestyramine ; symptomatology ; gastroscopy ; histopathology ; X-ray studies ; alginates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Postgastrectomy biliary reflux gastritis is quite common. Several drugs have been used in its treatment, including the bile acid-binding resin cholestyramine, which seemed ineffective, possibly because of its rapid disappearance from the gastric remnant. It was suggested that by using alginates, which form a raft floating on the gastric contents, cholestyramine would be retained in the stomach for a longer period. 32 patients received either placebo or cholestyramine/alginates/bicarbonate (CAB). Gastroscopy with biopsies, laboratory studies and physical examination were performed before and after the trial. At two week intervals patients were interviewed about the effect on symptoms. A detailed Y-ray study was made of 5 patients, in which a series of pictures was taken after ingestion either of placebo or CAB together with a novel contrast medium. There was no statistical difference between treatment groups with respect to symptoms, gastroscopy or histological findings, nor did the X-ray study show any difference in retention time between placebo and CAB.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00627919
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental colitis in rats induces low-grade endotoxinemia without hepatobiliary abnormalities (1994)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 39 (1994), S. 1210-1215 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: endotoxinemia ; bacterial overgrowth ; sclerosing cholangitis ; TNB colitis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In three experimental models in rats, surgical construction of a self-filling blind loop (SFBL), trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNB) -induced colitis, and the combination of SFBL and TNB, the hypothesis was studied that intestine-derived endotoxins play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatobiliary disorders in chronic inflammatory bowel disease (CIBD). After eight weeks of treatment, a mild increase in portal and systemic endotoxin levels and interleukin-6 concentrations was observed and the serum levels of alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin, and ALAT were only mildly increased in SFBL plus TNB rats. Histopathological examination of the liver showed hardly any abnormalities in all three rat models. These results show that low-grade portal and systemic endotoxinemia in rats, induced by bacterial overgrowth and/or chemical colitis, is not able to induce hepatobiliary alterations. To exclude definitively a possible role for portal endotoxinemia in the pathogenesis of CIBD-associated hepatobiliary abnormalities, however, an adequate animal model for CIBD is urgently needed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02093785
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Successful treatment of recurrent cholangitis with antibiotic maintenance therapy (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 13 (1994), S. 662-665 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The impact of antibiotic maintenance therapy on the incidence of biliary tract infection was evaluated in patients with recurrent cholangitis after resection of a malignancy at the hepatic confluence. Thirty-eight of 54 patients (70 %) experienced episodes of cholangitis. In 14 of the 38 patients recurrent episodes of cholangitis caused a severe interruption of their daily life. These 14 were selected for antibiotic maintenance therapy. During maintenance therapy six patients experienced no further episodes of cholangitis and five patients a marked decrease in the frequency of episodes, while in three patients no improvement was seen. Antibiotic maintenance therapy can be highly successful in the treatment of recurrent cholangitis after resection of a malignancy at the hepatic hilum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01973995
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Easier monitoring of aminoglycoside therapy with once-daily dosing schedules (1995)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 14 (1995), S. 531-535 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Little has been reported on serum levels attained using once-daily aminoglycoside regimens and their relation to dosage administered and renal function. Consecutive patients with serious infections were randomized to receive gentamicin 4 mg/kg q 24 h i.v. (n=69), gentamicin 1.33 mg/kg q 8 h i.v. (n=46) or netilmicin 5.5 mg/kg q 24 h i.v. (n=59) (with dose reduction in case of renal dysfunction). In the three groups, median first serum trough levels were 0.4, 1.0 and 0.4 mg/l, respectively, and median first serum peak levels were 9.5, 4.7 and 12.2 mg/l (p〈0.01 once-daily vs. thrice-daily regimens). Dose adjustment because of first trough concentrations of 〉 2 mg/l and/or peak concentrations of 〈 6 mg/l was required in 6 %, 78 % and 12 % of patients, respectively. Second trough and peak concentrations were significantly higher in the thrice-daily gentamicin group; serum levels remained constant in the other two groups. The six patients in the once-daily groups who developed elevated trough levels later in therapy were characterized in most cases by a decline in renal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02113434
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