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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of a 5HT3-antagonist (ondansetron) on rectal sensitivity and compliance in health and the irritable bowel syndrome (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 7 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In some patients with the irritable bowel syndrome, rectal urgency and discomfort are major clinical problems and, under experimental conditions, these symptoms are perceived at lesser volumes of rectal distension than they are in asymptomatic controls. Further, a 5-hydroxytryptamine type-3 receptor antagonist increased the threshold for rectal discomfort in irritable bowel syndrome. Our aims were, (a) to measure rectal sensation during isobaric distensions of the rectum, and (b) to test the effect of another selective 5HT3 antagonist, ondansetron 0.15 mg/kg, on rectal sensitivity, colonic tone, rectal tone and manometric responses. Ten healthy volunteers and five patients with diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome were studied. A multilumen barostatmanometric assembly was placed in the descending colon, and a second barostat balloon was positioned in the rectum. Tone in the wall of the colon and rectum was measured by the barostat balloon volume during a constant pressure clamp, while intraluminal pressures were recorded by manometry; perceived sensations were also recorded before and after the intravenous administration of ondansetron or placebo in blinded fashion. Rectal resistance to stretch was greater and rectal urgency was induced by lower distending pressures in irritable bowel syndrome, however, basal tone in the rectum was similar in health and irritable bowel syndrome. Ondansetron did not change rectal sensitivity (first sensation or urgency) or tone. Rectal distension did not alter tone in the descending colon or colonic manometry; ondansetron did not influence any index of colonic function. We conclude that in diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome there is reduced rectal compliance and the rectum is abnormally sensitive to a pressure stimulus, but this is not altered by 5HT3-blockade with ondansetron at the dose used.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1993.tb00131.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A selective NK-2 antagonist blocks the increase of canine colonic tone and ileal contractions induced by the NK-2 selective receptor agonist, [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4–10) (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 8 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background: The regulatory roles of tachykinins in intestinal motor function may be clarified by use of novel, stable and selective antagonists of neurokinin receptors. We studied the effects of the non-peptide NK-2 receptor antagonist SR48968 on canine colonic tone under resting conditions and after stimulation by the selective NK-2 receptor agonist [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4–10)Methods: Experiments were performed in three conscious female dogs. Proximal colonic tone was recorded by a barostat and intraluminal pressures were recorded in the terminal ileum, 10, 15 and 20 cm orad to the ileocaecal junction. In separate experiments, and in a random sequence, dogs received an i.v. injection of the NK-2 antagonist SR48968, 10, 100, 1000 μg/kg, followed after 30 min by 2 μg/kg of the agonist [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4–10). Experiments were replicated twice in each dog.Results: The NK-2 agonist increased colonic tone, and SR48968 antagonized these effects in a dose-dependent fashion (Spearman's rank, r= 0.86; P 〈 0.01); antagonism was complete at the highest dose. SR48968 alone had no effect on colonic tone and ileal motility. When given during phase I or II of the interdigestive motor complex, [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4–10) increased ileal contractions: pre-treatment with SR48968 blocked this increase in ileal motility. When given during phase III, [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4–10) interrupted the motility front; this effect was not antagonized by SR48968.Conclusions: SR48968 antagonizes the increase in canine colonic tone and ileal motility induced by activation of NK-2 receptors. However, SR48968 by itself had no effect on the control of colonic tone and ileal motility under unstimulated conditions. SR48968 may be useful for investigating the physiological role of tachykinins on the gastrointestinal tract.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00326.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Guidelines for adults on self-medication for the treatment of acute diarrhoea (2001)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics 15 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2036
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Acute uncomplicated diarrhoea is commonly treated by self-medication. Guidelines for treatment exist, but are inconsistent, sometimes contradictory, and often owe more to dogma than evidence. An ad hoc multidisciplinary group has reviewed the literature to determine best practice.In general it is recognized that treatment of acute episodes relieves discomfort and social dysfunction. There is no evidence that it prolongs the illness. Self-medication in otherwise healthy adults is safe.Oral loperamide is the treatment of choice. Older anti-diarrhoeal drugs are also effective in the relief of symptoms but carry the risk of unwanted adverse effects. Oral rehydration solutions do not relieve diarrhoea, and confer no added benefit for adults who can maintain their fluid intake. Probiotic agents are, at present, limited in efficacy and availability. Antimicrobial drugs, available without prescription in some countries, are not generally appropriate for self-medication, except for travellers on the basis of medical advice prior to departure.Medical intervention is recommended for the management of acute diarrhoea in the frail, the elderly (〉 75 years), persons with concurrent chronic disease, and children. Medical intervention is also required when there is no abatement of the symptoms after 48 h, or when there is evidence of deterioration such as dehydration, abdominal distension, or the onset of dysentery (pyrexia 〉 38.5 °C and/or bloody stools).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2036.2001.00993.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of selective 5HT3 antagonist (GR 38032F) on small intestinal transit and release of gastrointestinal peptides (1989)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 34 (1989), S. 1511-1515 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: 5-hydroxytryptamine ; intestinal peptides ; small bowel transit ; motility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Antagonists of 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 (5HT3) receptors reduce the nausea induced by cisplatinum, but the effects of these agents on 5HT3 receptors in the human gut remain to be defined. We examined the actions of one of these drugs (Glaxo GR 38032F) on small intestinal transit and mouth-to-cecum transit times in healthy man. We also quantified its effects on the release of peptide YY (PYY), neurotensin, human pancreatic polypeptide, gastrin-cholecystokinin, and motilin. Ten healthy volunteers were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Following a single intravenous dose of GR 38032F (0.15 mg/kg), we measured the time to appearance in plasma of sulfapyridine after injection of salicylazosulfapyridine into the duodenum. This was used as a measure of duodenocecal transit. The appearance of hydrogen in breath after ingestion of a meal containing lactulose was also correspondingly used to quantify the mouth-to-cecum transit of the “head” of the meal. Gastrointestinal hormones were assayed in plasma by specific RIAs; samples were drawn fasting (10 min after injection) and after breakfast (358 calories: 15.7 g protein, 55.4 g carbohydrate, 8.1 g fat). The postprandial integrated response and peak release of PYY was decreased by GR 38032F. There was also a trend for the peak release of neurotensin to be reduced. GR 38032F did not significantly alter small intestinal transit times or mouth-to-cecum transit times. We conclude that GR 38032F does not have a major effect on small intestinal transit in health.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01537102
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence ofHelicobacter pylori in specific forms of gastritis (1991)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 36 (1991), S. 142-145 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: Helicobacter pylori ; Crohn's gastritis ; eosinophilic gastritis ; Menetrier's disease
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Helicobacter pylori colonization of the gastric mucosa is strongly associated with chronic nonspecific gastritis; moreover, there is evidence to suggest thatH. pylori may cause this form of gastritis. However, there is little or no information on the prevalence ofH. pylori in specific forms of gastritis. Our hypothesis was that ifH. pylori was pathogenic in chronic nonspecific gastritis, organisms would be found frequently in this type of gastritis but infrequently in specific forms of gastritis. Prevalence rates ofH. pylori were determined independently in patients with eosinophilic and Crohn's gastritis, Menetrier's disease, and chronic nonspecific gastritis. The prevalence ofH. pylori in patients with chronic nonspecific gastritis was 71%, whereas the organism was not identified in patients with any form of specific gastritis. This finding further supports the accumulating evidence thatH. pylori is a primary pathogenic factor in chronic nonspecific gastritis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01300747
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding augments canine jejunal absorption via a hormonal mechanism (1981)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 26 (1981), S. 961-965 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether hormones mediate the postprandial increase in absorption of water, glucose, and electrolytes that occurs in the canine jejunum. In four dogs, a 75-cm isolated loop of jejunum was extrinsically denervated by autotransplantation. After recovery, the loop was perfused at 2.8 ml/min with an isotonic solution of 130 mM glucose, 80 mM NaCl, and trace amounts of [14C]PEG. Mean transit times through the loop were assessed concurrently with 0.5-ml boluses of [3H]PEG. Experiments were performed during fasting and after an oral meal of 200 g liver. Under steady-state conditions, net absorption of water, glucose, sodium, and chloride was greater after feeding than during fasting. In contrast, mean transit times were nearly identical during fasting and after feeding. We concluded that the augmentation of jejunal absorption of water, glucose, and the electrolytes after feeding was brought about by mechanisms other than alterations in transit time or effects induced via the extrinsic nerves. The augmentation appeared to be mediated, in part, by hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314755
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reflux from ileum to colon in the dog (1988)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 33 (1988), S. 345-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: ileocolonic junction ; ileal motility ; coloileal reflux ; coloileal ligaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In four dogs we quantified the role of external (“coloileal”) ligaments in preventing coloileal reflux. All animals were tested under control conditions, and then two had all external ligamentous attachments between ileum and colon divided; the other pair underwent a sham operation. Coloileal reflux was quantified scintigraphically at colonic pressures of 20, 40, and 60 mm Hg, and ileal motility was recorded concurrently. During control experiments and after sham operations, no dogs showed coloileal reflux at colonic pressures of 20 and 40 mm Hg. At a colonic pressure of 60 mm Hg, two control experiments and one in a dog after sham operation resulted in reflux of 9%, 4%, and 8% of counts, respectively. In contrast, both test dogs (after division of the ligaments) refluxed 30–70% of colonic content in all of four experiments at pressure below 20 mm Hg. In control dogs and in those with a continent ileocolonic junction, ileal motility consisted of scattered clusters of phasic contractions. In dogs with coloileal reflux, these clusters occurred with a similar frequency, but they lasted longer (P 〈0.005). Four weeks later, ileal motility indices in control dogs were significantly less (P 〈0.02) than in animals with divided coloileal ligaments. These observations establish an experimental model for coloileal reflux, support the hypothesis that external ligamentous attachments help maintain continence at the ileocolonic junction, and imply that coloileal reflux changes the motor pattern of the terminal ileum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01535761
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    GR 38032F (Ondansetron), a selective 5HT3 receptor antagonist, slows colonic transit in healthy man (1990)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 35 (1990), S. 477-480 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Keywords: colonic transit ; gastrointestinal peptides ; 5HT3 antagonists
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The newly recognized class of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors (5HT3) may be involved in the induction of nausea, since their pharmacological antagonists are effective against emesis induced by chemotherapy. 5HT3 receptors are present on enteric neurons, and 5HT3 blockers may produce mild constipation; we thus hypothesized that 5HT3 receptors would modulate colonic motility. To determine if GR 38032F, a selective 5HT3 antagonist known to have antiemetic effects, influences colonic transit in health, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was performed. Using a radiopaque marker technique, colonic transit was quantified in 39 healthy volunteers (19 men, 20 nonpregnant women) 18–70 years of age. On a standard 25-g fiber diet, 16 mg of GR 38032F was given orally thrice daily. Gastrointestinal peptides (peptide YY, human pancreatic polypeptide, neurotensin, motilin, gastrin-cholecystokinin, substance P) were also measured in plasma fasting and postprandially. Mean total colonic transit time on placebo was 27.8 hr, while on GR 38032F it was 39.1 hr (P〈0.0005). Transit times through the left colon (P〈0.0005) and rectosigmoid (P〈0.05) were prolonged by the drug, but right colonic transit was not significantly altered. Transit times did not correlate with age or gender, but subjects with shorter transit times were significantly more affected than were those with longer transit times. The peak release of peptide YY was minimally decreased following GR 38032F (P〈0.01), but the peak and integrated postprandial responses of human pancreatic polypeptide, neurotensin, motilin, gastrin-cholecystokinin, and substance P were not significantly altered by the drug. We conclude that 5HT3 receptors may be involved in the regulation of colonic transit in healthy man.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01536922
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rabbit ileal mucosa exposed to fatty acids, bile acids, and other secretagogues (1977)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 22 (1977), S. 781-790 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Segments of rabbit ileum were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after exposure to various compounds known to stimulate fluid secretion in the small intestine. After prefusion with ricinoleate (castor oil) at a 10 mM concentration, striking changes were observed at villus tips and on the apicolateral surfaces of villi; erosions at tips were confirmed by light microscopy of the same pieces of tissue examined by SEM. The appearances after ricinoleate were reversed in part during perfusion with control buffer for 2 hr. Statistical comparisons between control perfused, treated, and reversal tissues showed that the “damage” produced by ricinoleate, and its reversal, was significant statistically. Tissues treated with other intestinal secretagogues, oleic acid (10 mM), deoxycholic acid (4 mM), cholic acid (4 mM), dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (6 mM), and cholera toxin (1 μg/ml) also showed surface changes by SEM. Fluid secretion, produced by an osmotic agent (mannitol) was not associated with “damage”. Changes in structure of the mucosal surface after exposure to intestinal secretagogues should be considered as one possible mechanism of impaired fluid transport.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01694508
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ricinoleic acid causes secretion in autotransplanted (extrinsically denervated) canine jejunum (1981)
    Springer
    Digestive diseases and sciences 26 (1981), S. 966-970 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2568
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To examine the role of extrinsic nerves and hormones in intestinal secretion of fluid, we studied the effect of ricinoleic acid on absorption by isolated, autotransplanted jejunal loops in four dogs. Compared to perfusion with control solution, the addition of ricinoleic acid caused reversible secretion of water and electrolytes and inhibition of glucose absorption, as previously described in the innervated intestine. In contrast, oral castor oil caused diarrhea but had no effect on absorption from the denervated loop. Thus, the secretory action of ricinoleic acid is maintained without the influence of extrinsic nerves; in addition, further support is added to the proposal that hormones do not mediate secretion, in this model. These findings support a local mechanism for the secretion induced by ricinoleic acid.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01314756
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