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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Validation of techniques to detect illicit heroin use in patients prescribed pharmaceutical heroin for the management of opioid dependence (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 100 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background  The clinical implementation and evaluation of heroin substitution programmes have been confounded by the lack of objective and validated biomarkers for illicit heroin use in patients prescribed pharmaceutical heroin. This study examined the capacity to detect illicit heroin use by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of urine samples for the presence of opium impurities common to illicit, but not pharmaceutical heroin.Aims  To characterize the diagnostic properties of the metabolites of noscapine and papaverine in comparison to morphine as a gold-standard marker of illicit heroin use; and to examine the relationships between the self-reported time since most recent heroin use and the detection of these opioids in urine.Design  A cross-sectional study of 52 opioid-dependent patients in treatment (not prescribed heroin), who self-reported illicit heroin use within the preceding 2 weeks. Self-report data regarding recent drug use and a urine sample were collected. GC-MS analyses of urines were conducted and reported by laboratory staff blinded to self-report data.Findings  The metabolites of papaverine (hydroxypapaverine and dihydroxypapeverine) were found to have high sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive values as markers for illicit heroin use compared to the ‘gold-standard’ morphine. Other opioids, including 6-mono-acetylmorphine (6-MAM), codeine and noscapine metabolites (e.g. meconine) were less adequate in detecting heroin use.Conclusions  GC-MS detection of papaverine metabolites in urine appears to be suitable method of identifying illicit heroin use for clinical and research purposes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01225.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reaching hidden populations of drug users by privileged access interviewers: methodological and practical issues (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction 88 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The methodological issues surrounding the use of a privileged access interviewer team to generate a network sample of drug users are examined. Traditionally network samples have tended to be used by qualitative researchers. Privileged access interviewing provides a mechanism for the application of a structured instrument to a network sampling model. In doing so some problematic issues in this area for structured methodology are overcome, reduced or standardized. The use of this method is appraised in terms of meeting the methodological requirements of the Drug Transitions study. The practical experiences of our group in using a privileged access interviewer team to interview more than 400 heroin users, many of whom were not in contact with treatment services, are discussed. This method is most appropriate for the quick collection of data, from diverse networks of drug users, by use of a structured instrument. Success is likely to be dependent cm careful implementation. The ongoing monitoring of data quality is of particular importance, as is good management practice and the establishment of supportive and non exploitative relationships with the interviewer team.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02036.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of naloxone/lofexidine combination treatment on the opiate withdrawal syndrome (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction biology 6 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1369-1600
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Clinical studies in opiate-dependent patients suggest that detoxification treatment with opiate antagonists may accelerate the resolution of the opiate withdrawal syndrome, permitting early induction onto naltrexone maintenance treatment. The present open study compared the clinical efficacy of daily naloxone injections in conjunction with lofexidine, with conventional lofexidine monotherapy, in 49 polysubstance-misusing opiate-dependent patients. Overall, the addition of naloxone did not confer substantial benefit over lofexidine monotherapy, although area-under-the-curve analysis showed that withdrawal severity in the naloxone/lofexidine combination group was significantly less than in the lofexidine monotherapy group, who experienced more severe withdrawal symptoms on days 4, 7, 9 and 13 of treatment. There were no significant differences in rates of completion of detoxification. Blood pressure remained within normal limits in both groups. Naltrexone maintenance treatment acceptability was low; only four patients continued with treatment for 5 or more days. The modest benefit of adding naloxone to lofexidine compared to the findings of previous opiate antagonist detoxification treatment studies is discussed in the context of the hypothesis that a critical level of opiate receptor occupancy is required to accelerate resolution of opiate withdrawal; the neurochemical mechanisms which may promote this are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13556210020040226
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A review of biological indicators of illicit drug use, practical considerations and clinical usefulness (1999)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing, Taylor & Francis Ltd
    Addiction 94 (1999), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aims. To examine a range of biological indicators of illicit drug use, including blood, urine, hair and saliva, addressing both technological and practical issues relating to their application and interpretation. Methods. The review process involved an examination of key reference texts and literature from the scientific fields of analytical and clinical toxicology. Findings. Urine remains the biological tool of choice for qualitative detection of illicit drug use in a clinical setting, while quantitative accuracy remains strictly the domain of blood. The growing sophistication of laboratory analysis may additionally make possible the routine use of hair sampling which can provide a much longer time frame for assessment. Breath, saliva, sweat or breast milk remain possibilities in the future. Conclusions. Accurate interpretation of the screening tests within a clinical setting alongside other relevant information remains the key to the usefulness of any test.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1999.94912792.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of exposure to drug-related cues in detoxified opiate addicts: A theoretical review and some new data
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Addictive Behaviors 15 (1990), S. 339-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4603
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4603(90)90044-X
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of linear versus inverse exponential methadone reduction curves in the detoxification of opiate addicts
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Addictive Behaviors 15 (1990), S. 541-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4603
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4603(90)90054-2
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Can opiate addicts tell us about their relapse risk? Subjective predictors of clinical prognosis
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Addictive Behaviors 18 (1993), S. 473-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 0306-4603
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0306-4603(93)90065-H
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Delayed computed tomographic characterization of renal masses: preliminary experience (2000)
    Springer
    Abdominal imaging 25 (2000), S. 317-321 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0509
    Keywords: Key words: Kidney, cysts—Kidney neoplasms—Kidney, CT.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Background: To evaluate the performance of delayed contrast enhanced computed tomography (DCT) in characterizing renal masses. Methods: Twenty-four patients with suspected renal masses or indeterminate renal masses on previous imaging studies were prospectively evaluated with preintravenous contrast imaging, conventional contrast-enhanced computed tomography (imaging initiated 2 min after intravenous contrast injection), and DCT (imaging initiated 13 min after injection of intravenous contrast). Only lesions larger than 1.0 cm were evaluated, with scanning parameters kept constant across the three scans. Results: All pathologically confirmed renal cell carcinomas (n= 6) were detected on DCT using a threshold attenuation decrease of 10 Hounsfield units (HU). A significant decrease (p= 0.031) in attenuation occurred in renal cell carcinomas (mean = 29.6 ± 23.6 HU) compared with the attenuation change (mean decrease = 1.1 ± 7.1 HU), which occurred in non-neoplastic renal cysts (n= 34). Non-neoplastic renal cysts were correctly classified by DCT 32 of 34 times (94%). Conclusions: In this study, DCT distinguished renal cell carcinomas from non-neoplastic cysts in a vast majority of cases and may aid in characterizing incidentally discovered renal lesions on postcontrast CT.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002610000009
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    National Survey of Hepatitis Testing and Vaccination Services Provided by Drug Services in England and Wales (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 19 (2000), S. 823-828 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Since viral hepatitis among intravenous drug users continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, the present study was conducted to survey drug agencies in England and Wales in order to identify the prevalence of hepatitis B and C testing and vaccination being provided. A postal survey of all 539 drug agencies in England and Wales was thus conducted to assess their current treatment provisions and practices. An analysis of the responses provided by the 373 agencies that returned usable data (69.2% response rate) revealed that only one-quarter (26.6%) of the drug agencies conducted routine hepatitis B testing, and 26.9% did not offer it at all. Just over half (55.7%) of the agencies provided hepatitis B vaccination, but only 21.7% did so routinely. Seventy percent provided hepatitis C testing, but only 24% did so routinely. Nevertheless, the majority of respondents, of whom 40.3% were nurses and 25.1% drug workers, believed that clients and their partners should be offered hepatitis B and C screening. The paucity of hepatitis testing and vaccination services being offered to injecting drug users is unacceptable, with users, their partners and children being needlessly exposed to continued risk. The disparity between recommended policy and current practice needs to be urgently addressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100960000377
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure of a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer by light scatteringContribution No. 492.Based on a paper presented at the Meeting of the American Physical Society, Division of High Polymer Physics, Cleveland, Ohio, April 29 - May 1, 1971. (1972)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 27 (1972), S. 219-222 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: The phase structure of a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (mol. wt. 21 000-98 0000- 21 000) film cast from tetrahydrofuran/methyl ethyl ketone is studied by light scattering. The scattered intensity I corresponding to Vv, Hv, Vh, and Hh polarization directions is measured as a function of scattering angle. From the In I vs sin2 (θ/2) plots the domain sizes are found to be about 0.4 and 1.0 μ. The a values are independent of polarization directions. This proves that the domains are geometrically isotropic. The two sizes correspond to two correlation distances; the smaller value represents the extent of heterogeneity within a spherical domain and the larger valued the inter-domain separation distance.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1972.050270117
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