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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 68 (1997), S. 410-416 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter EKT ; Klinische Anwendung ; Biologische Therapie psychotischer Störungen ; Key words ECT ; Clinical applications ; Biological therapy of psychotic disorders
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Between September 1st, 1994, and the end of August, 1995, 3% of all inpatients (21 of 731) were treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) at the Department of General Psychiatry at the University Hospital for Psychiatry in Vienna. These patients suffered from psychotic and/or therapy-resistant depression (n=15), therapy-resistant schizoaffective psychosis (n=3), and catatonic schizophrenia (n=3). ECT was administered in short-time anaesthetised and muscle relaxed patients. On average, each patient was treated with ECT on 9 non-consecutive days. As a rule, electrodes were placed unilaterally over the non-dominant hemisphere at the beginning. In four cases electrodes were placed bifronto-temporally. To be considered as effective the seizure had to last for at least 25 s. In shorter seizure duration ECT was repeated up to a maximum of three times in one session. With this procedure a reduction in clinical global impressions of –3.7 points was achieved in ECT-treated patients, who had been considered to be ”severely” to ”most severely” ill according to CGI before starting ECT. ECT proved to be effective for treating severe depression and catatonic schizophrenia, with only minor and reversible side effects. For establishing a favorable relation between good clinical outcome and remarkably few side effects, the following factors seem to be of importance, in accordance with the literature: (1) application of biphasic short-impulse stimuli in anaesthetised and muscle relaxed patients; (2) measurement of static impedance to avoid high skin impedance and short circuits. (3) at the beginning of each ECT series unilateral electrode placement over the non-dominant hemisphere; (4) ECT three times weekly on non-consecutive days.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An der Klinischen Abteilung für Allgemeine Psychiatrie der Wiener Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie wurden vom 1. September 1994 bis 31. August 1995 drei Prozent aller stationär aufgenommenen Patienten (21 von 731) mittels Elektrokonvulsionstherapie (EKT) behandelt. Diese Patienten litten an wahnhafter bzw. therapierefraktärer Depression (n=15), therapierefraktärer schizoaffektiver Psychose (n=3) oder katatoner Schizophrenie (n=3). Die EKT wurde in Kurzzeitvollnarkose und unter Muskelrelaxation durchgeführt. Durchschnittlich wurde jeder Patient an 9 nicht aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen mit der EKT behandelt. Die EKT erfolgte in der Regel anfangs unilateral, in 4 Fällen wurden die Elektroden bilateral plaziert. Der zerebrale Anfall sollte mindestens 25 s im EEG dauern. Bei kürzeren Anfällen wurde die Behandlung wiederholt, maximal wurde 3mal an einem Tag behandelt. Damit ließ sich eine Abnahme im CGI-Score um durchschnittlich –3,7 erzielen, wobei alle behandelten Patienten vor Beginn der EKT als „schwer” bis „extrem schwer krank” eingestuft worden waren. Die EKT erwies sich bei den vorgestellten Fällen als wirksames und nebenwirkungsarmes Heilverfahren zur Akutbehandlung schwerer depressiver und kataton-schizophrener Syndrome. Für das günstige Verhältnis von erzielter klinischer Besserung zu relativ geringen und reversiblen unerwünschten Wirkungen erwiesen sich folgende Faktoren, im Einklang mit der Literatur, als günstig: 1. Applikation von Kurzimpulsstimuli unter Vollnarkose und Muskelrelaxation; 2. Impedanzmessung zur Vermeidung hoher Hautwiderstände bzw. Kurzschlüsse zwischen den Behandlungselektroden; 3. unilaterale Elektrodenplazierung über der nichtdominanten Hemisphäre zu Behandlungsbeginn; 4. EKT 3mal wöchentlich an nicht aufeinanderfolgenden Tagen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Serotonin ; Depression ; Tryptophandepletion ; Key words Serotonin ; Depression ; Tryptophan depletion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The application of a tryptophan-free amino acid mixture (tryptophan depletion test) induces a rapid and substantial lowering of both total and free plasma tryptophan. Consequently, the brain serotonin content and also cerebral serotonin function are decreased. This method provides a paradigm to study the role of serotonin in the pathobiology of depressive disorders and their treatment modalities. Untreated depressed patients show few behavioral effects during tryptophan depletion. In depressed patients during an antidepressant or light-therapy-induced stable remission, a transient depressive relapse was induced by tryptophan depletion. Healthy subjects with a genetic risk for affective disorder show worsening of their condition induced by tryptophan depletion. These findings indicate the relevance of altered brain serotonin function in the pathophysiology of affective disorders and strengthen the importance of serotonin in the mechanism of action of antidepressants. Since recently published studies revealed some evidence that the serotonergic system is directly involved in the pathophysiology of various psychiatric syndromes besides depression, it seems to be reasonable to evaluate the validity of the tryptophan depletion test also in non-depressed patients.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Beim Tryptophandepletionstest kommt es nach der Verabreichung eines tryptophanfreien Aminosäuregemisches zum vorübergehenden Absinken des verfügbaren Plasmatryptophans und in der Folge zu einer Reduktion des zerebralen Serotoningehalts und der Serotoninfunktion. Mit dieser Untersuchungsmethode können Aussagen zum Stellenwert des serotonergen Systems in der Pathophysiologie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen, aber auch zum Wirkmechanismus pharmakologischer und nichtpharmakologischer Behandlungsmethoden getroffen werden. Unbehandelte depressive Patienten zeigen nur geringe Veränderungen der Befindlichkeit während des Tryptophandepletionstests. Erfolgreich mit selektiven Serotoninwiederaufnahmehemmern (SSRI) oder Lichttherapie behandelte depressive Patienten reagierten nach der Tryptophandepletion mit einem vorübergehenden Wiederauftreten der depressiven Symptomatik. Gesunde Probanden mit einer genetischen Belastung für affektive Störungen reagierten auf den Tryptophandepletionstest mit einer Verschlechterung der Befindlichkeit. Diese Ergebnisse weisen auf eine Mitbeteiligung des serotonergen Transmittersystems an der Entstehung depressiver Syndrome und am Wirkmechanismus antidepressiver Therapiestrategien hin. Da in bisher publizierten Untersuchungen gezeigt werden konnte, daß dem serotonergen System bei einer Vielzahl psychischer Störungen eine wesentliche Bedeutung zukommt, wäre die Wertigkeit des Tryptophandepletionstests auch bei weiteren nichtdepressiven Patientenpopulationen untersuchungswürdig.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words IBZM SPECT ; Dopamine-2 receptors ; Quetiapine ; Haloperidol ; Clopenthixol decanoate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Previous treatment can be a confounding variable in studies with novel antipsychotics. Quetiapine is a new antipsychotic substance with a low affinity for dopamine-2 (D2) receptors. Preliminary SPECT and PET investigations revealed only a low striatal D2 receptor occupancy rate. However, we present two cases of high striatal D2 receptor occupancy (51% and 71%) measured with 123I IBZM SPECT during quetiapine monotherapy. Both patients had previously received continuous treatment with typical neuroleptics. We present evidence that the previous antipsychotic therapy influenced D2 receptor binding of 123I IBZM during quetiapine treatment weeks after cessation of typical neuroleptics. This might be of importance for the design of clinical trials and brain imaging studies in the future.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Sertindole ; Clozapine ; Haloperidol ; Risperidone ; Dopamine D2 receptor ; Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) ; Atypical antipsychotic drug (neuroleptic)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The striatal D2 dopamine binding was studied in schizophrenic patients treated with the novel atypical antipsychotic drug sertindole (n = 10). Comparisons were obtained with haloperidol (n = 8), clozapine (n = 6), risperidone (n = 11) and untreated healthy controls (n = 8) of a dataset which has partly been reported previously. 123I-Iodobenzamide (IBZM) single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) was used for estimation of striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding. Sertindole-treated patients exhibited significantly (P 〈 0.001) lower levels of striatal D2 binding (BG/FC ratio:1.28) compared with those treated with haloperidol (BG/FC ratio:1.09) and risperidone (8 mg:1.18) but significantly (P 〈 0.005) higher levels compared with clozapine (BG/FC ratio:1.49). However, if patients were pretreated with a depot neuroleptic, significantly (P 〈 0.05) higher striatal D2 binding (BG/FC ratio:1.12) has been obtained. Since sertindole has been shown to exert distinct clinical efficacy for treatment of positive and negative symptoms, our data are indicative that antipsychotic efficacy is not associated with a high degree of striatal D2 receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Keywords: Key words Antipsychotic drugs ; Dopamine D2 ; receptor occupancy ; Serotonin (5-HT2A) receptor ; occupancy ; Brain-imaging ; Schizophrenia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Considerable progress has been achieved over the past 15 years in uncovering the biological basis of major psychiatric disorders. Since psychopharmacological treatment is thought to act on the underlying biological basis of the disease, brain imaging techniques enable us to understand the mechanism of action of such compounds. Positron emission tomography (PET) as well as single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) are important tools used to determine patterns of brain dysfunction and to uncover the mechanism of action for antipsychotic compounds. These techniques allow us to determine striatal D2 receptor as well as cortical 5-HT2A receptor occupancy rates which are linked, at least partly, to clinical efficacy as well as side effect rates. In general it has been shown that atypical antipsychotics have a lower striatal D2 receptor occupancy rate than typical antipsychotics, parallelling the more favorable extrapyramidal side effects of atypical antipsychotics, and as a group effect they have a high 5-HT2A occupancy compared to low rates for typical agents. However, there is no association between striatal D2 receptor occupancy rates and antipsychotic efficacy but 5-HT2A occupancy rates are associated with favorable treatment for depressive symptoms within schizophrenia and improvement of cognitive function. The availability of ligands for measurement of extrastriatal D2 receptors or different 5-HT receptors (e.g. 5-HT1A) will further shed light on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia as well as possible psychopharmacological treatment perspectives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Key words Olanzapine ; Dopamine D2 receptor ; 123I IBZM ; SPECT ; Atypical antipsychotic drug
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We investigated the degree of striatal dopamine-2 (D2) receptor occupancy in six schizophrenic patients receiving clinically effective antipsychotic treatment with olanzapine 10–25 mg/day in comparison to patients treated with clozapine 300–600 mg/day (n = 6) or haloperidol 5–20 mg/day (n = 10). 123I Iodobenzamide (IBZM) and single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) were used for the visualization of striatal D2 receptors. For the quantification of striatal D2 receptor occupancy, striatal IBZM binding in patients treated with antipsychotics was compared to that in untreated healthy controls (n = 8) reported earlier. Olanzapine led to a mean striatal D2 receptor occupancy rate of 75% (range 63–85). Haloperidol-treated patients showed dose-dependently (Pearson r = 0.64; P 〈 0.05) a significantly higher (P 〈 0.05) mean occupancy rate of 84% (range 67–94). During clozapine treatment, the mean D2 receptor occupancy of 33% (range 〈 20–49) was significantly lower than with olanzapine (P 〈 0.005). The higher striatal D2 receptor occupancy of haloperidol was correlated with the incidence and severity of extrapyramidal motor side-effects (EPS). No clinical relevant EPS occurred during treatment with olanzapine or clozapine. There was no correlation between the degree of striatal D2 receptor occupancy and clinical improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Plant systematics and evolution 23 (1873), S. 323-323 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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