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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type I (MEN-I) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by endocrinopathies involving the anterior pituitary gland, parathyroid glands, and pancreas. The long-term prognosis for patients affected with this disorder is uncertain. To better characterize this prognosis, we performed a retrospective review of all patients with MEN-I treated at a single institution during the period 1951–1997. A group of 233 patients served as the study population. Their records were analyzed for confirmation of diagnosis, treatments received, long-term survival, and cause of death. Altogether, 108 eight male patients (46%) and 125 female patients (54%) were identified. At the conclusion of the study, 164 (70%) were alive and 69 (30%) were deceased, with a median follow-up for patients alive at last contact of 13.4 years (range 〈 1 month to 54.3 years). The cause of death was reliably obtained in 60 patients. Of these patients, 17 (28%) died of causes related to MEN-I, most commonly metastatic islet cell tumors (10 patients). The remaining patients died of causes unrelated to MEN-I, most commonly coronary artery disease and nonendocrine malignancies (14% each). The overall 20-year survival of MEN-I patients was 64% (95% CI was 56–72%), and that of an age- and gender-matched upper Midwest population was 81% (p 〈 0.001). Patients with MEN-I appear to be at increased risk of premature death. Earlier diagnosis and treatment of potentially malignant pancreatic islet cell neoplasms may result in a decrease of this premature mortality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Medical management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) patients has led to suboptimal results in most cases. High glucocorticoid doses, often needed to suppress adrenal androgen production, may lead to signs of Cushing syndrome. Incompletely suppressed androgen levels commonly lead to premature closure of growth centers, acne, virilization, precocious puberty, irregular or absent menses, and decreased fertility in female CAH patients. A newly proposed therapy for CAH patients is bilateral adrenalectomy. Three Caucasian female patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency were treated with bilateral adrenalectomy. Two of the three procedures were accomplished laparoscopically. In each patient, medical management alone was unsuccessful. Two patients had salt-losing 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The third patient had uncontrolled hyperandrogenism complicated by obesity and glucose intolerance. All patients had low height percentiles with respect to their normalized percentiles for weight. Bone age was advanced in one patient. Androgen and renin levels were well controlled in two patients, whereas the third patient had persistent hyperandrogenism. Bilateral adrenalectomy was performed at the ages of 14, 19, and 30 years with follow-up, to date, of 25 months, 10 months, and 26 months, respectively. Postoperatively, all patients were free from hyperandrogenism. One patient experienced one episode of urosepsis precipitating an addisonian crisis. Bilateral adrenalectomy may successfully address the problems of increasing steroid requirements and hyperandrogenism in patients with severe CAH. The ability to perform this operation laparoscopically coupled with the overall metabolic benefits make bilateral adrenalectomy a reasonable alternative to lifelong androgen suppression in select patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. This prospective randomized study examined the acute-phase response and wound healing, comparing laparoscopic (LA) and open posterior (PA) adrenalectomy in a cushingoid porcine model. Repository corticotropin gel was given to 40 pigs for 21 days. Biochemical and tissue parameters of Cushing syndrome were confirmed. The pigs were randomized to undergo LA or PA. In addition to operating time and morbidity, the acute-phase response was compared by measuring the postoperative white blood cell count, fasting glucose, C-reactive protein, and nitrogen balance. Wound healing was assessed by (1) scored (1–4) gross appearance at 48 hours and 1 and 2 weeks; (2) histologic examination; and (3) tensile strength. There was no difference in operating time (mean ± SD) (36 ± 9 minutes open vs. 37 ± 7 minutes laparoscopic), perioperative mortality, degree of leukocytosis, fasting glucose, or C-reactive protein ( p 〉 0.05). Nitrogen balance, wound scores, and tensile strength at 24 hours and 1 week were more favorable in the LA group than in the PA group ( p 〈 0.05). In the cushingoid porcine model, laparoscopic adrenalectomy was less catabolic and was associated with fewer wound complications than the open posterior adrenalectomy. These findings provide support for continued pursuit of laparoscopic methods for adrenalectomy in the clinical setting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. To evaluate long-term survival of patients with gastrointestinal carcinoid tumors and to assess factors that may influence prognosis, 154 patients (49% females, 51% males), median age 62 years (range 12–84 years) treated at our institution during 1972–1982 have been followed long term. Tumor location included the foregut (7%), midgut (62%), and hindgut (30%). Ninety-five percent of the patients underwent surgical or endoscopic excision of the primary tumor, with overall operative mortality and postoperative morbidity rates of 2.6% and 11%, respectively. At follow-up, 60 patients (39%) were alive (median follow-up 18 years; range 1–26 years). The main causes of death included carcinoid tumor burden (32%), unrelated causes (45%), other malignancy (19%), and unknown causes (4%). Observed overall 5- and 10-year survivals were 69% and 53%, respectively. Survival was not related to gender or symptoms at presentation. However, age, embryologic origin, tumor size, depth of invasion, nodal status, and stage of disease proved to be of statistical significance (log-rank). In a multivariate Cox' model, only older age (〉 62 years) [P =0.001, odds ratio (OR) = 3.4) and embryologic origin (midgut versus foregut) (P = 0.045, OR = 0.45) provided independent prognostic power when death from any cause was taken as the end-point. This study confirms that patient's age and the site of the primary tumor have prognostic significance. Carcinoid tumors are neuroendocrine tumors with a relatively good prognosis, and long-term survival is possible despite advanced stages of disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. We currently recommend excision of adrenal incidentalomas ≥ 4 cm in size and all hormonally active tumors. The optimal management and follow-up of smaller nonfunctioning tumors are controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcome of a well defined population of patients with incidentalomas followed without operative intervention. The study group comprised 231 patients, identified from the records of abdominal or thoracic computed tomographic (CT) scans performed between 1985 and 1989. The primary outcome variable analyzed was survival. Follow-up was obtained by office records, telephone contact, or letter. There were 101 male and 130 female patients with a mean age at diagnosis of 64 years (range 5–86 years). Most adrenal tumors were unilateral (right 113; left 98); 20 were bilateral. Mean tumor size was 2 cm (range 1–6 cm). In nine (4%) patients the tumor was ≥ 4 cm. Follow-up [mean 7 years; range 1 month (patient died) to 11.7 years] was complete in 224 (97%) patients. Ninety-one (39%) patients had one or more additional CT scans performed during the follow-up period, with only four patients demonstrating a 〉 1 cm increase in the size of the adrenal mass. Surgical excision of these four lesions identified benign pathology. Eighty-one (35%) patients died of conditions unrelated to adrenal pathology. No patient developed subsequent adrenal hyperfunction or adrenal malignancy. Within the context of our guidelines, conservative management of adrenal incidentalomas considered benign or nonfunctioning at diagnosis is appropriate. Additional information provided by repeat CT scanning appears to confer limited benefit. This study does not support laparoscopic removal of small, nonfunctional adrenal tumors, as has been suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    World journal of surgery 20 (1996), S. 878-884 
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. Islet cell carcinoma (ICC) of the pancreas is a rare, indolent malignancy associated with higher resectability rate and better survival than ductal carcinoma. This retrospective study presents results of surgical treatment from a single institution. From 1985 through 1993 a total of 64 patients (36 men, 28 women) were surgically treated for ICC. Ages ranged from 22 to 80 years (median 55 years) with a median postoperative follow-up of 39 months (range 10–97 months). Of the 64 patients, 30 (47%) had functioning and 34 (53%) nonfunctioning tumors. Gastrinoma ( n = 11) followed by glucagonoma ( n = 6) and insulinoma ( n = 4) were the most common functioning tumors. In the patients undergoing a laboratory study, 67% of the nonfunctioning tumors had elevated peptide hormone levels. Potentially curative resections were performed in 17 patients (26%), palliative procedures in 35 (55%), and exploratory laparotomy alone in 12 (19%). One patient (2%) died within 30 days after operation. Symptomatic improvement was achieved in 96% of patients with a mean duration of 22 months. Three- and five-year survivals were 66% and 49%, respectively. In patients with curative resection, the disease-free survival at 3 years was 53% (95% CI: 32–86%). The presence of diffuse hepatic metastases was a predictor of poor survival at 3 years (74% versus 58%; p = 0.05); there was no statistically significant difference in survival between functioning and nonfunctioning groups ( p 〉 0.1). Although curative resection for ICC is rare, meaningful palliation can be achieved in most patients with rare mortality and acceptable morbidity.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-2323
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étiologie, le pronostic et la thérapeutique optimale du traitement des tumeurs carcinoïdes de l'estomac restent discutés. Les dossiers de 36 patients consécutifs porteurs de tumeurs carcinoïdes (15 hommes), traités entre 1975 et 1990, ont été revus. Le suivi a été complet chez 97% des cas. L'âge moyen au moment du diagnostic était de 58.4 ans (extrêmes 24–82 ans). Les signes révélateurs on été l'anémie (72%), la douleur (69%) et le syndrome carcinoïde (11%). Les anomalies auto-immunes et endocrines associées étaient la gastrite atrophique (67%), l'anémie pernicieuse (58%), l'hypothyroïdie (39%), le diabète (19%), la maladie d'Addison (6%) et l'hyperparathyroïdie (6%). Les lésions intéressaient le corps seul de l'estomac dans 42% des cas, le fundus dans 28% des cas et l'antre seul dans 8% des cas. Dans 42% des cas, les lésions étaient multiples. Les taux de 5-hydroxyindole-acide acétique (5-HIAA) et de gastrine sériques étaient élevés chez, respectivement, 17% et 50% des patients testés. L'examen histologique a révélé que 28% des lésions mesuraient 2 cm ou plus et 33% des patients avaient des métastases hépatiques lors de la première consultation ou en ont développé par la suite. Vingt-deux pourcent des patients (n=8) sont décédés de leur tumeur; la médiane de survie étant de 39 mois. La présence de métastases, l'atypie histologique, l'envahissement de la séreuse, la taille 〉 2 cm étaient des facteurs de mauvais pronostic. Chez les patients sans hypergastrinémie (n=6), 66% ont développé des métastases, 60% avaient une élévation des 5-HIAA, et 50% sont décédés de leur tumeur carcinoïde. En revanche, chez les patients qui avaient une hypergastrinémie et ceux qui avaient une tumeur carcinoïde gastrique “typique” (n=15), il n'a pas été observé ni de métastase, ni de mortalité (respectivement p〈0.003 et p〈 0.005 par rapport aux tumeurs eugastrinémiques). Dans ce dernier groupe (hypergastrinémie et histologie typique), l'anémie pernicieuse était fréquente (73%). On a vu moins de lésions solitaires et d'envahissement de la séreuse (33% vs 100%, p〈 0.005 et 0% vs 33% p〈0.05). Il n'y avait aucune lésion dont le diamétre dépassait 2 cm dans ce groupe comparé à 66% dans le groupe sans hypergastrinémie (p〈0.002). Aucun patient avec une hypergastrinémie n'avait de taux élevés de 5-HIAA.
    Abstract: Resumen La etiología, pronóstico y óptima modalidad de manejo de los carcinoides gástricos primarios siguen siendo motivo de controversia. Se revisaron en forma retrospectiva las historias de 36 pacientes consecutivos con carcinoide gástrico (15 hombres) en el período entre 1975 y 1990. Se logró seguimiento completo en 97% de los casos. La edad media en el momento del diagnóstico fue 58.4 años trango 24–28. Los síntomas de presentación fueron: anemia (72%), dolor (69%) y síndrome carcinoide (11%). Fueron comunes las anormalidades asociadas de tipo autoinmune y de tipo endocrino, que ìncluyeron gastritis atrófica (67%), anemia perniciosa (58%), hipotiroidismo (39%), diabetes (19%), enfermedad de Addison (6%) e hiperparatiroidismo (6%). Las lesiones fueron no antrales en el 78% de total, con 42% ubicadas en el cuerpo, 28% en el fundus y 8% afectando el antro sólamente; 42% fueron múltiples. Los niveles urinarios de ácido 5-hidroxiindoloacético (5-HIAA) y los niveles séricos de gastrina aparecieron elevados en 17% y 50% de los pacientes examinados, respectivamente. El examen histológico reveló que 28% de las lesiones eran de 2 cm o mayores, y 33% presentaban metástasis hepáticas en el momento del diagnóstico o las desarrollaron en el curso del seguimiento. Veintidos por ciento de los pacientes (n=8) murieron por causa del tumor, con una sobrevida media de 39 meses. La presencia de metástasis, la histología atípica, la extensión a la serosa y el tamaño 〉 2 cm demostraron ser factores adversos de pronósticos. Entre los pacientes con hipergastrinemia (n=6), 66% desarrollaron metástasis, 60% presentaron 5-HIAA elevado y 50% murieron por el tumor carcinoide. En contraste marcado, aquellos pacientes con hipergastrinemia y carcinoides “típicos” (n=15), no se presentaron metástasis ni muertes (p 〈0.003 y p〈0.005 respectivamente), en comparación con los pacientes eugastrinémicos. En este último grupo (hipergastrinemia e histología típica) fue común la anemia perníciosa (73%); las lesiones solitarias y la penetración a la serosa fueron observadas con frecuencà relativamente menor (33% vs 100%, p〈0.005 y 0% vs 33%, p 〈0.05, respectivamente), y ninguna lesión midió 〉 2.0 cm, en comparación con 66% en el grupo que no exhibió elevación de gastrina (p〈0.002). Ningún paciente con hipergastrinemia presentó niveles elevados de 5-HIAA.
    Notes: Abstract The etiology, prognosis, and optimal management of primary gastric carcinoids remain controversial. Records of 36 consecutive patients with gastric carcinoid (15 men) were reviewed retrospectively between 1975 and 1990. Follow-up was complete in 97% of cases. Mean age at diagnosis was 58.4 years (range 24–82 years). The clinical presentations included anemia (72%), pain (69%), and carcinoid syndrome (11%). Associated autoimmune and endocrine abnormalities were common and included atrophic gastritis (67%), pernicious anemia (58%), hypothyroidism (39%), diabetes (19%), Addison's disease (6%), and hyperparathyroidism (6%). Lesions were nonantral in 78%, involving only the corpus in 42%, the fundus in 28%, and only the antrum in 8%; 42% were multiple. Urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and serum gastrin levels were elevated in 17% and 50% of those tested, respectively. Histologic examination revealed that 28% of lesions were ≥2 cm, and 33% had liver metastases on presentation or developed them during follow-up. Eight patients (22%) died of tumor with a median survival of 39 months. The presence of metastases, atypical histology, serosal involvement, and size 〉 2 cm were adverse prognostic factors. In patients without hypergastrinemia (n=6), 66% developed metastases, 60% had elevated 5-HIAA, and 50% died of carcinoid tumor. In sharp contrast, those patients with hypergastrinemia and “typical” gastric carcinoids (n=15), metastases and death did not occur (p〈0.003 and p 〈 0.005, respectively, compared with eugastrinemic patients). In the latter group (hypergastrinemia and typical histology), pernicious anemia was common (73%); solitary lesions and serosal penetration were seen comparatively less often (33% versus 100%, p〈0.005 and 0% versus 33%, p〈0.05, respectively); and no lesion measured 〉 2.0 cm compared to 66% in the group without elevated gastrin (p〈0.002). No patient with hypergastrinaemia had elevated levels of 5-HIAA. Overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 58% and 28%, respectively. Survival was 80% at 5 and 10 years in the hypergastrinemic group. Gastric carcinoid tumors that are histologically atypical, large (〉2 cm), or present without elevated gastrin are potentially lethal and require aggressive therapy. In contrast, gastric carcinoids with typical histology and hypergastrinemia are rarely lethal, and conservative management with local excision and close observation is appropriate.
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