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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet, cow's milk protein antibodies and the risk of IDDM in Finnish children (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 381-387 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Infant feeding ; dairy products ; cow's milk protein antibodies ; IDDM ; childhood ; islet cell antibodies ; insulin autoantibodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Associations of infant feeding patterns and milk consumption with cow's milk protein antibody titres were studied in 697 newly-diagnosed diabetic children, 415 sibling-control children and 86 birth-date-and sex-matched population-based control children in the nationwide “Childhood Diabetes in Finland” study. IgA and IgG antibody titres to the proteins of cow's milk formula, BLG and BSA, and IgM antibody titres to cow's milk formula proteins were measured by ELISA. Several inverse correlations were observed between the duration of breast-feeding or age at introduction of dairy products and antibody titres, and positive correlations were observed between milk consumption and antibody titres in all three populations studied. Multivariate analyses which included the infant feeding variables, milk consumption and current age simultaneously showed that the earlier the introduction of dairy products and the greater the consumption of milk was, the higher several antibody titres were. High IgA antibody titres to cow's milk formula were associated with a greater risk of IDDM both among diabeticpopulation-control and diabetic-sibling-control pairs when adjusted for other cow's milk antibody titres, dietary variables and in diabetic-sibling-control pairs also for ICA. The results suggest that young age at introduction of dairy products and high milk consumption during childhood increase the levels of cow's milk antibodies and that high IgA antibodies to cow's milk formula are independently associated with increased risk of IDDM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408475
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Natural history of preclinical IDDM in high risk siblings (1994)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 37 (1994), S. 388-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Preclinical IDDM ; islet cell antibodies ; early insulin response ; glucose elimination rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary To learn more about the preclinical phase of IDDM we observed for a median period of 46.5 months (range 0.5–69 months) a group of 57 siblings positive for ICA and/or IAA when first screened within 6 months of the diagnosis of the proband. Sequential blood samples and IVGTTs were obtained at intervals of 6–12 months. Seventeen siblings (29.8%) presented with IDDM during the observation period. The duration of the known preclinical period ranged from 0.5 to 51 months (median 29 months). The converters were younger than the other siblings (P〈0.05) and had higher initial ICA levels (P〈0.01). In addition they had a lower FPIR in the first IVGTT (P〈0.001). On all subsequent tests the converters had higher ICA levels and a lower FPIR (P〈0.05 or less), a lower glucose elimination rate from the third test onwards (P〈0.01 or less) and higher IAA levels at 3 years (P〈0.05). Some variation could be observed in the FPIR in the converters with an initial increase and subsequent decrease (P〈0.05 for both). Their levels of complement-fixing ICA increased up to 18 months (P〈0.05) and IAA levels up to 3 years (P〈0.01). Those high risk siblings who progress to clinical IDDM are characterized by young age, strong and increasing signs of islet-cell specific autoimmunity, reduced insulin secreting capacity and emerging glucose intolerance. The present observations seem to be incompatible with the hypothesis of beta-cell destruction occurring at a constant, predictable rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00408476
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Record-high incidence of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in Finnish children (1999)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 42 (1999), S. 655-660 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Keywords Diabetes ; Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; incidence ; Finland.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Aims/hypothesis. In Finland, the incidence of Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in children aged 14 years or under is the highest in the world and the trend in incidence has been increasing. Our aim was to determine the most recent trends in incidence and the age distribution at diagnosis of Type I diabetes. Methods. Data on the incidence of Type I diabetes in Finland nationwide were obtained from two sources: for the period 1965 to 1986 from the Central Drug Registry of the Social Insurance Institution and for the period 1987 to1996 from the prospective childhood Type I diabetes registry. The annual incidence was calculated per 100 000 people. The increase and the trend in incidence were estimated by fitting the linear regression model with the annual incidence data. Results. During 1987 to 1993 the incidence of Type I diabetes seemed to be rather stable at 36 per 100 000 per year. The incidence has continued to increase thereafter and reached 45 per 100 000 per year in 1996. The analysis of the long-term trend in incidence between 1965 and 1996 showed an absolute incidence increase of 0.67 per year on average being 3.4 % compared with the incidence in 1965. The increase from 1987 to 1996 was highest in very young children 1–4 years old at diagnosis. Conclusion/interpretation. The high incidence of Type I diabetes in Finnish children has thus far not levelled off but is increasing further. If the trend continues, the predicted incidence in Finland will be approximately 50 per 100 000 per year in the year 2010. [Diabetologia (1999) 42: 655–660]
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001250051212
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Epidemiology of childhood diabetes mellitus in Finland — background of a nationwide study of Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (1992)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 35 (1992), S. 70-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus ; epidemiology ; genetic-environmental interaction ; incidence ; familial occurrence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A nationwide study of childhood Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus was established in 1986 in Finland, the country with the highest incidence of this disease worldwide. The aim of the project called “Childhood Diabetes in Finland” is to evaluate the role of genetic, environmental and immunological factors and particularly the interaction between genetic and environmental factors in the development of Type 1 diabetes. From September 1986 to April 1989, 801 families with a newly-diagnosed child aged 14 years or younger at the time of diagnosis were invited to participate in this study. The vast majority of the families agreed to participate in the comprehensive investigations of the study. HLA genotypes and haplotypes were determined in 757 families (95%). Our study also incorporates a prospective family study among non-diabetic siblings aged 3–19 years, and two case-control studies among the youngonset cases of Type 1 diabetes. During 1987–1989, the overall incidence of Type 1 diabetes was about 35.2 per 100,000 per year. It was higher in boys (38.4) than in girls (32.2). There was no clear geographic variation in incidence among the 12 provinces of Finland. Of the 1,014 cases during these 3 years only six cases were diagnosed before their first birthday. The incidence was high already in the age group 1–4-years old: 33.2 in boys and 29.5 in girls. Of the 801 families 90 (11.2%) were multiple case families, of which 66 had a parent with Type 1 diabetes at the time of diagnosis of the proband. The prevalence of Type 1 diabetes in the parents of these newly-diagnosed diabetic children was higher in fathers (5.7%) than in mothers (2.6%).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400854
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decline of mumps antibodies in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children and a plateau in the rising incidence of Type 1 diabetes after introduction of the mumps-measles-rubella vaccine in Finland (1993)
    Springer
    Diabetologia 36 (1993), S. 1303-1308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0428
    Keywords: Mumps ; mumps antibodies ; mumps-measlesrubella vaccination ; Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A nationwide mumps-measles-rubella vaccination was introduced in 1982 in Finland to children aged 1.5 to 6 years and since then mumps has virtually disappeared in the country. We investigated whether this rapid epidemiological change had any impact on antibody activity against mumps virus in Type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetic children or on the incidence of Type 1 diabetes in Finland. Two case-control series were collected before (series I and II) and three series after (series III–V) the introduction of the vaccination. IgA class mumps antibody levels were significantly higher in Type 1 diabetic children than in matched control children in the first two but not in the three later series. IgG class antibody levels were similar in patients and control subjects in the first two series but significantly lower in patients than in control subjects in the three later series. The overall incidence of Type 1 diabetes in 0–14-year-old children increased until 1987 but remained about the same during 1988–1990. In 5–9-year-old children no further increase in Type 1 diabetes was seen since 1985, whereas in 0–4-year-old children the incidence continued to rise until 1990. The results suggest that the elimination of natural mumps by mumps-measles-rubella vaccination may have decreased the risk for Type 1 diabetes in Finland; a possible causal relationship is substantiated by the observed concomitant decrease in mumps antibody levels in diabetic children. However, further studies are required to determine if the vaccine virus, like natural mumps, could trigger the clinical onset of Type 1 diabetes in young children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00400810
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