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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Postural stability of hemodynamic responses during mental challenge (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 30 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Laboratory stress testing is typically conducted while subjects are seated, whereas real-life stressors may often be encountered while standing. The present study of 20 healthy young men evaluated blood pressure and underlying hemodynamic adjustments to a standardized mental arithmetic task performed twice while seated and twice while standing. Blood pressure increased during mental arithmetic in both postures, but the underlying hemodynamic determinants of the pressor responses were different for the two postures. Augmented cardiac output was responsible for increasing blood pressure during seated task performance, whereas increased vascular resistance was the mechanism for the pressor response to the task performed while standing. Blood pressure and hemodynamic responses were reproducible subject characteristics for a given posture; test-retest correlations were significant for all cardiovascular measures. However, seated blood pressure responses were not significantly correlated with standing blood pressure responses. In contrast, significant between-posture correlations were found for cardiac output and vascular resistance responses. This preliminary evidence of postural stability of the hemodynamic determinants of blood pressure responses during stress is consistent with growing evidence that hemodynamic response tendencies are robust characteristics of reactivity. Ambulatory monitoring of hemodynamic response patterns during real-life stress may reveal more idiosyncratic profiles of stress reactivity than are displayed by blood pressure responses alone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1993.tb03349.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Comparison of Additional Heart Rates During Active Psychological Challenge Calculated From Upper Body and Lower Body Dynamic Exercise (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 25 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and blood pressure were recorded while 22 young males performed a stressful mental arithmetic task and played a video game. Measurements were also made while subjects undertook two separate graded dynamic exercise tasks, an upper body and a lower body task. All measures changed as a function of psychological challenge, and during exercise heart rate and oxygen consumption changed as an orderly function of workload. For each subject, heart rate was plotted against oxygen consumption over the various workloads for each exercise task separately, thereby generating two regression lines per subject. In conjunction with oxygen consumption values during the psychological tasks, these regressions allowed the prediction of expected heart rate values during psychological challenge, and thus the computation of additional heart rate as the difference between actual heart rate and predicted heart rate. Actual heart rate during psychological challenge was substantially greater than predicted heart rate, i.e., there was considerable additional heart rate. This was the case irrespective of whether upper or lower body exercise was used to compute the predictions, and there was no significant difference between the additional heart rates generated from the two exercise tasks, which produced regression lines with similar slope and intercept values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb00990.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption during Mental Arithmetic, a Video Game, and Graded Static Exercise (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 24 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Heart rate, oxygen consumption, and respiratory activity were recorded while 18 young male subjects performed a stressful mental arithmetic task and played a video game. Measurements were also taken while subjects undertook a graded static leg lifting exercise. Physiological activity increased as an orderly function of exercise workload. For each subject, heart rate was plotted against oxygen consumption over the various exercise loads. Knowing oxygen consumption during the psychological tasks, these regression equations allowed the prediction of heart rate, and thus the computation of “additional” heart rate as the difference between actual and predicted heart rate. Overall predicted heart rate values were significantly less than the values actually recorded during the psychological tasks. However, whereas mental arithmetic was associated with “additional” heart rates of the same order as those observed in earlier research using graded dynamic exercise, the video game elicited decidedly less “additional” heart rate in the present case. The explanation for this lay in the regression lines; static exercise was characterized by heart rate-oxygen consumption regressions which were much steeper in terms of slope, as well as somewhat lower in terms of intercept, than those observed with graded dynamic exercise.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1987.tb01870.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    For Distinguished Early Career Contribution to Psychophysiology: Award Address, 1988 (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 26 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: This program of experiments examined heart rate responses to mental arithmetic and a video game. Attention first focused on their metabolic relevance. Comparison with heart rate/oxygen consumption regression equations generated from isotonic exercise data revealed that the heart rate increases of certain individuals were considerably in excess of those necessitated by contemporary metabolic demand. Both temporal and intertask consistency of reaction were explored, and supportive evidence was obtained. The relationship between laboratory and real-world reactions was investigated, and preliminary evidence found suggesting that in-laboratory responses are indicative of responses to more naturalistic stressors. Finally, twin studies examining the genetic and environmental determinants of individual differences in heart rate change during the tasks revealed a substantial genetic component for these responses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1989.tb00701.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Impedance Cardiographic Measurements using Band and Spot Electrodes (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 29 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The comprehensive assessment of cardiac function using impedance cardiography has led to increasingly widespread use of the technique in psychophysiology. Disposable adhesive band electrodes have been the most widely used electrode type, but spot electrode configurations present attractive alternatives in terms of convenience and subject comfort. The present study was designed to evaluate whether one such spot electrode configuration yielded the same information as the more standard band electrodes for cardiac output and systolic time interval measurement. Male and female healthy adult subjects (N=20) were tested. Comparisons between spot and band electrodes were made for the absolute magnitude of cardiac output and systolic time intervals, as well as for responses to the highly reproducible effects of bicycle exercise. Consistent with previous findings, systolic time interval measurements were unaffected by electrode type. However, for cardiac output measurements, differences between spot and band electrode measurements were found. Under resting conditions, the absolute magnitudes of cardiac output values measured using spot electrodes were smaller than for band electrodes. Subtle, yet significant differences were also found for cardiac output responses to exercise, with spot electrodes indicating greater increases in cardiac output than band electrodes. At the same time, anticipated gender differences found for cardiac output at rest and in response to exercise were unaffected by electrode type. Overall, these findings suggest that when comparing the results of studies that have utilized different impedance electrode types, it would be prudent to remain alert to the possibility of confounding influences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1992.tb02051.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inter-task Consistency: An Integrative Re-evaluation (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 25 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: In contrast to results presented by other investigators, several previous reports from this laboratory have documented low inter-task consistency of heart rate responses to pairs of active psychological challenges. In an attempt to resolve this discrepancy, our data were re-examined in two ways. The first involved taking into account the precise metabolic demands of each task; the second way involved consideration of the order in which tasks were undertaken. Analyses resulting from each of these strategies increased the magnitudes of correlation coefficients calculated from heart rate responses to the pairs of tasks. A combination of the two approaches led to increases in coefficient magnitudes from .32 to .50, and from .46 to .74 for the data from two recent studies. The re-analysis presented in this paper thus indicated a reconciliation between our previous assessments of inter-task consistency and those reported by other research groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb00996.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiac and Metabolic Responses to “Space Invaders”: An Instance of Metabolically-Exaggerated Cardiac Adjustment? (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 20 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Heart rate, plus various ventilatory and metabolic indices, were monitored while 24 male subjects played a computer game of the “space invaders” type and during a control condition, in which analogous but ineffective actions were requested and the game proceeded automatically. Relative to baseline, subjects showed much larger increases in heart rate during “space invaders” than during the control condition. However, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, respiratory rate and volume also increased more. While the absolute magnitude of metabolic differences between conditions could be regarded as modest relative to heart rate differences, given the effective range of variations possible for each parameter, the existence of highly significant differences in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production militates against assertions of overall cardiac-metabolic independence during “space invaders.” Nevertheless, analysis of individual differences in heart rate reactivity would seem to provide some evidence of metabolically-unjustified heart rate changes during “space invaders.” High heart rate reactors during “space invaders” did not differ from low reactors in either oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production. In addition, this relatively high heart rate reactivity was specific to the “space invaders” condition; high and low heart rate reactors displayed no differences in heart rate, or in any other physiological measure, during the control condition or during baseline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03010.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiac and Metabolic Activity in Mild Hypertensive and Normotensive Subjects (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 25 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Heart rate, respiration, and metabolic activity were monitored at rest and during the mental challenge of a video game in 22 mild hypertensive and 53 normotensive young men. Subjects also completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Jenkins Activity Survey. The mild hypertensive subjects displayed higher resting heart rates than the normotensives and larger magnitude heart rate increases to the video game. Although groups did not differ in resting respiratory activity, the metabolic rates tended to be higher in the mild hypertensives and they showed reliably greater increases in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during mental challenge. These data were subjected to a variety of interpretations. However, in the absence of psychophysiological assessment during physical exertion, and without direct measurement of cardiao output and arteriovenous oxygen differences, the present results did not permit a choice to be made between rival explanations, and they certainly cannot discount the hypothesis that some borderline hypertensives display excessive cardiac activity and tissue overperfusion during stress. The personality measures did not differentiate groups. However, correlational analyses within each group revealed that whereas systolic blood pressure was positively and significantly related to neuroticism in the mild hypertensive group, for the normotensive subjects the direction of correlation was reversed. In addition, scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey correlated positively with heart rate reactivity to the video game for the mild hypertensives, but not for the normotensives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb00982.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Heart Rate and Oxygen Consumption during Mental Arithmetic, a Video Game, and Graded Exercise: Further Evidence of Metabolically-Exaggerated Cardiac Adjustments? (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 22 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Heart rate, plus various metabolic and ventilatory indices, were monitored while 20 young male subjects were exposed to a video game and a stressful mental arithmetic task. Measurements were also made while subjects undertook graded isotonic exercise. All measures changed as a function of psychological challenge, and during exercise physiological activity increased as an orderly function of workload. For each subject, heart rate was plotted against oxygen consumption over the various exercise loads. For the majority of subjects the analogous data points for the video game and mental arithmetic lay reliably above the exercise heart rate-oxygen consumption regression lines. When these regression lines were used to predict heart rate values during psychological challenge, the predicted values were significantly less than the values actually recorded for both tasks; although the discrepancy between predicted and actual values was on average greater with mental arithmetic, the difference was not statistically reliable. Pre-stressor baseline conditions were also associated with heart rate levels greater than predicted, albeit to a lesser extent. Finally, while both stressors produced heart rate adjustments additional to expectancies, inter-task consistency was low.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1985.tb01597.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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