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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cardiac and Metabolic Activity in Mild Hypertensive and Normotensive Subjects (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 25 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Heart rate, respiration, and metabolic activity were monitored at rest and during the mental challenge of a video game in 22 mild hypertensive and 53 normotensive young men. Subjects also completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Jenkins Activity Survey. The mild hypertensive subjects displayed higher resting heart rates than the normotensives and larger magnitude heart rate increases to the video game. Although groups did not differ in resting respiratory activity, the metabolic rates tended to be higher in the mild hypertensives and they showed reliably greater increases in oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production during mental challenge. These data were subjected to a variety of interpretations. However, in the absence of psychophysiological assessment during physical exertion, and without direct measurement of cardiao output and arteriovenous oxygen differences, the present results did not permit a choice to be made between rival explanations, and they certainly cannot discount the hypothesis that some borderline hypertensives display excessive cardiac activity and tissue overperfusion during stress. The personality measures did not differentiate groups. However, correlational analyses within each group revealed that whereas systolic blood pressure was positively and significantly related to neuroticism in the mild hypertensive group, for the normotensive subjects the direction of correlation was reversed. In addition, scores on the Jenkins Activity Survey correlated positively with heart rate reactivity to the video game for the mild hypertensives, but not for the normotensives.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1988.tb00982.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Genetics of Children's Oral Reading Performance (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 37 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Measures of reading achievement and verbal ability have been shown to be heritable. Additionally, recent evidence has been suggestive of a major gene effect on reading disability and for problem reading in a sample of normal readers. We report on the etiology of individual differences in oral reading performance, the Slosson Oral Reading Test (SORT), for which biometrical analyses have not been reported in the literature previously. Oral reading performance was measured in a large population-based sample of twins of the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. Biometrical analyses of the SORT suggested that, in both mates and females. 69% of the phenotypic variation was due to heritable influences and 13”v of the variation dm- to shared environmental effects. While the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences is equivalent for males and females, males showed greater phenotypic variability than females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01423.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sibling-based association analyses of the serotonin transporter polymorphism and internalizing behavior problems in children (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 44 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background: Childhood internalizing problems are often precursors in the development of more serious psychiatric syndromes including anxiety and depressive disorders. Twin studies of the etiology of these disorders suggest that the genetic risk factors underlying anxiety and depression are highly correlated. However, the specific genetic mechanisms responsible for this risk have not yet been identified.Methods: We examined the association between childhood internalizing problems and a functional polymorphism in the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) in 711 children participating in a longitudinal twin study of behavioral and emotional development. Internalizing problems were measured at ages 4, 7, 9, 10, 11 and 12 years using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) parent report form. We applied a sibling-based methodology for estimating allelic association with quantitative traits, while controlling for population stratification.Results: No associations were found for CBCL Internalizing problems at any age, including the subscales for Somatic Complaints, Withdrawn and Anxiety/Depression.Conclusions: Thus, although our results did not support the hypothesis that the 5-HTTLPR contributes to a dimensional expression of internalizing behavior problems, this does not rule out the possibility that it is an interesting polymorphism to pursue in the search for genetic risk factors related to major depressive and/or anxiety disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00180
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics and Developmental Psychopathology: 2. The Main Effects of Genes and Environment on Behavioral Problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 38 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Little is known about the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to risk for juvenile psychopathology. The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development allows these contributions to be estimated. A population-based, unselected sample of 1412 Caucasian twin pairs aged 8–16 years was ascertained through Virginia schools. Assessment of the children involved semi-structured face-to-face interviews with both twins and both parents using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). Self-report questionnaires were also completed by parents, children, and teachers. Measures assessed DSM-III-R symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Overanxious Disorder, Separation Anxiety, and Depressive Disorder. Factorially derived questionnaire scales were also extracted. Scores were normalized and standardized by age and sex. Maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate contributions of additive and nonadditive genetic effects, the shared and unique environment, and sibling imitation or contrast effects. Estimates were tested for heterogeneity over sexes. Generally, monozygotic (MZ) twins correlated more highly than dizygotic (DZ) twins, parental ratings more than child ratings, and questionnaire scales more highly than interviews. DZ correlations were very low for measures of ADHD and DZ variances were greater than MZ variances for these variables. Correlations sometimes differed between sexes but those for boy-girl pairs were usually similar to those for like-sex pairs. Most of the measures showed small to moderate additive genetic effects and moderate to large effects of the unique individual environment. Measures of ADHD and related constructs showed marked sibling contrast effects. Some measures of oppositional behavior and conduct disorder showed shared environmental effects. There were marked sex differences in the genetic contribution to separation anxiety, otherwise similar genetic effects appear to be expressed in boys and girls. Effects of rater biases on the genetic analysis are considered. The study supports a widespread influence of genetic factors on risk to adolescent psychopathology and suggests that the contribution of different types of social influence may vary consistently across domains of measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01614.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics and Developmental Psychopathology: 1. Phenotypic Assessment in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 38 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: We introduce an overlapping cohort sequential longitudinal study of behavioral development and psychopathology in a representative sample of 1412 pairs of twins aged 8 through 16 years. Multiple phenotypic assessments involve a full psychiatric interview with each child and each parent, and supplementary parental, teacher, and child interview material and questionnaires. For the first wave of assessments, the numbers of reported DSM-III-R symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD), Overanxious Disorder (OAD), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), assessed through interviews, confirm patterns of age and sex trends found in other epidemiological samples, but underscore their dependence on whether the child or the parent is the informant. Correlations across domains for symptoms reported by the same informant are often as large as correlations across informants for the same domain of symptoms. Factor analyses of these symptom counts, taking account of informant view and unreliability of assessment, show the high degree of correlation between SAD and OAD, between MDD and OAD, and between CD and ODD. ADHD symptoms are relatively independent of the other domains, but show moderate correlations with CD, ODD, and MDD. Factorially derived dimensional questionnaire scales, based on child, parental, and teacher reports, show patterns of relationship to symptom counts consistent with both convergent and discriminant validity as indices of liability to clinical symptoms. Across informants, questionnaire scales provide as good a prediction of symptoms as do clinical interviews. Multitrait-multimethod confirmatory factor analysis reveals the patterns of relationship between symptoms of psychiatric disorder in children taking due account of informant and unique sources of variance. Gender differences are consistent within the correlated clusters of ODD/CD and MDD/SAD/OAD, although there are disorder-specific age trends. There are large informant-specific influences on the reporting of symptoms in clinical interviews. Dimensional questionnaire scales provide a useful source of additional information. In subsequent analyses of genetic and environmental etiology of childhood psychopathology we must expect that results may differ by informant and method of assessment. Multivariate and developmental analyses that explore the sources of these differences will shed new light on the relationship between genetic and environmentally influenced vulnerability and the manifestation of psychopathology in specific circumstances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01613.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The validity of analyses testing the etiology of comorbidity between two disorders: a review of family studies (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 44 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background:  Knowledge regarding the causes of comorbidity between two disorders has a significant impact on research regarding the classification, treatment, and etiology of the disorders. Two main analytic methods have been used to test alternative explanations for the causes of comorbidity in family studies: biometric model fitting and family prevalence analyses. Unfortunately, the conclusions of family studies using these two methods have been conflicting. In the present study, we examined the validity of family prevalence analyses in testing alternative comorbidity models.Method:  We reviewed 42 family studies that used family prevalence analyses to test three comorbidity models: the alternate forms model, the correlated liabilities model, or the three independent disorders model. We conducted the analyses used in these studies on datasets simulated under the assumptions of 13 alternative comorbidity models including the three models tested most often in the literature.Results:  Results suggest that some analyses may be valid tests of the alternate forms model (i.e., two disorders are alternate manifestations of a single liability), but that none of the analyses are valid tests of the correlated liabilities model (i.e., a significant correlation between the risk factors for the two disorders) or the three independent disorders model (i.e., the comorbid disorder is a third, independent disorder).Conclusion:  Family studies using family prevalence analyses may have made incorrect conclusions regarding the etiology of comorbidity between disorders.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00149
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and environmental influences on conduct disorder: symptom, domain and full-scale analyses (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 46 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background:  We used variable threshold models which accounted for age and gender differences to investigate the genetic and environmental influences on DSM-IV conduct disorder (CD) at the level of symptoms, aggressive versus non-aggressive domains, and full-scale.Method:  A community sample of 1100 twin pairs (age 11–18) was interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children.Results:  Behavior genetic model fitting suggested that genetic and environmental influences on individual symptoms varied by symptom. The best-fitting models for aggressive and non-aggressive domains, and full-scale CD included additive genetic effects and unique environmental effects only (AE models). These effects could be constrained across age cohorts and sex. The results suggest that using models that incorporate age- and gender-appropriate thresholds specific to each subject we can account for prevalence differences between cohorts. Heritability estimates were .49, .55 and .53 for the aggressive domain, non-aggressive domain, and full-scales, respectively. These results are in contrast to previous research on antisocial behavior measured with the CBCL reporting higher heritability for aggressive versus non-aggressive domains.Conclusions:  Results suggest that individual symptoms of CD may be differentially heritable. Additionally, CD assessed using DSM-IV criteria may show differing patterns of heritability compared with estimates obtained for other measures of antisocial behavior such as the CBCL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00373.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental Concordance and Comorbidity for Psychiatric Disorder and Associate Risks for Current Psychiatric Symptoms and Disorders in a Community Sample of Juvenile Twins (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 42 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: In this report we characterize associations between parental psychiatric disorders and children's psychiatric symptoms and disorders using a population-based sample of 850 twin families. Juvenile twins are aged 8–17 years and are personally interviewed about their current history of DSM-III-R conduct, depression, oppositional-defiant, overanxious, and separation anxiety disorders using the CAPA-C. Mothers and fathers of twins are personally interviewed about their lifetime history of DSM-III-R alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, major depression, panic disorder/agoraphobia, social phobia, and simple phobia using a modified version of the SCID and the DIS. Generalized least squares and logistic regression are used to identify the juvenile symptoms and disorders that are significantly associated with parental psychiatric histories. The specificity of these associations is subsequently explored in a subset of families with maternal, plus parental psychiatric histories with a prevalence 〉 1%. Parental depression that is not comorbid or associated with a different spousal disorder is associated with a significantly elevated level of depression and overanxious disorder symptoms and a significantly increased risk for overanxious disorder. Risks are higher for both symptomatic domains in association with maternal than paternal depression, and highest in association with maternal plus paternal depression. Risks for other juvenile symptoms and disorders index the comorbid and spousal histories with which parental depression is commonly associated. Paternal alcoholism that is not comorbid or associated with a maternal disorder is not significantly associated with current psychiatric symptoms or disorders in offspring. Risks for oppositional-defiant or conduct symptoms/disorders in the offspring of alcoholic parents index parental comorbidity and/or other spousal histories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00731
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The 21st Annual Meeting of the Behavior Genetics Association in St. Louis, Missouri (1991)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 21 (1991), S. 597-599 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01066683
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and Environmental Influences on Child Reports of Manifest Anxiety and Symptoms of Separation Anxiety and Overanxious Disorders: A Community-Based Twin Study (1997)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 27 (1997), S. 15-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Manifest anxiety ; separation anxiety ; overanxious disorder ; child reports ; genetic influences ; environmental influences ; twin study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic and environmental influences in the determination of individual differences in self-reported symptoms of separation anxiety (SAD), overanxious disorder (OAD), and manifest anxiety (MANX) were evaluated in children and adolescents for three age groups (8–10, 11–13, and 14–16). Symptom counts for SAD and OAD were assessed for 1412 twin pairs using the children's version of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, and MANX scores were based on child report from the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scales. Despite significant age and gender differences in thresholds of liability for child reports of symptoms of SAD and OAD, additive genetic and environmental effects could be set equal across age and gender for these variables. For MANX, however, the best-fitting model was a common effects sex-limitation model with estimates of heritabiliry varying dependent upon age and gender. Parameter estimates from the ACE models of OAD and SAD showed that additive genetic variation was a necessary component in the explanation of individual differences in child-reported symptoms of OAD (h 2 = .37) across gender, but does not appear to be a major contributor to the explanation of individual differences in symptoms of SAD reported by children. Shared environmental effects (c 2 = .40) were found to play a moderate role for SAD but could be dropped from the model for OAD and from all of the age groups for MANX, although the parameter approached significance among 11 yr to 13-year-old males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025607107566
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