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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Risks for conduct disorder symptoms associated with parental alcoholism in stepfather families versus intact families from a community sample (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 45 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background:  It is not known if the prevalence of parental psychiatric disorders is higher in stepfather than intact families, or if parental alcoholism is differentially associated with risk for conduct disorder (CD) symptoms in stepfather families versus intact families.Method:  The sample comprised 839 girls and 741 boys from 792 intact families and 99 girls and 67 boys from 83 stepfather families from a population-based registry of twins aged between 8 and 17 years. Children's current psychiatric symptoms were assessed at personal interview with the child, mother and father. Parental histories of psychiatric disorder were assessed at personal interview with each residential parent. Associations between CD symptoms and parental alcoholism were characterized using both linear and Poisson regression, and results are presented with and without adjustment for maternal drug use during pregnancy, parental conflict, and estimated socioeconomic status (SES) based on census tract data.Results:  Mothers from stepfather families had a higher lifetime prevalence of alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder, depression and social phobia than mothers from intact families. Stepfathers had a higher lifetime prevalence of alcoholism and depression than biological fathers from intact families. Children from stepfather families had more externalizing (CD/ODD) symptoms than children from intact families. Girls who lived with an alcoholic stepfather had significantly more CD symptoms than girls who lived with an alcoholic biological father. Boys who lived with an alcoholic stepfather had significantly fewer CD symptoms than boys who lived with an alcoholic biological father. This sex difference was statistically significant. Adjustment for maternal drug use during pregnancy, parental conflict, and estimated SES based on census tract data did not change these findings.Conclusions:  Children living in stepfather families are exposed to more parental psychiatric risk factors than children from intact families. The increased risk for CD symptoms in girls (but not boys) from stepfather families is partly mediated by or associated with the stepfather's history of alcoholism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00263.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetics and Developmental Psychopathology: 2. The Main Effects of Genes and Environment on Behavioral Problems in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 38 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Little is known about the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to risk for juvenile psychopathology. The Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development allows these contributions to be estimated. A population-based, unselected sample of 1412 Caucasian twin pairs aged 8–16 years was ascertained through Virginia schools. Assessment of the children involved semi-structured face-to-face interviews with both twins and both parents using the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment (CAPA). Self-report questionnaires were also completed by parents, children, and teachers. Measures assessed DSM-III-R symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Conduct Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Overanxious Disorder, Separation Anxiety, and Depressive Disorder. Factorially derived questionnaire scales were also extracted. Scores were normalized and standardized by age and sex. Maximum likelihood methods were used to estimate contributions of additive and nonadditive genetic effects, the shared and unique environment, and sibling imitation or contrast effects. Estimates were tested for heterogeneity over sexes. Generally, monozygotic (MZ) twins correlated more highly than dizygotic (DZ) twins, parental ratings more than child ratings, and questionnaire scales more highly than interviews. DZ correlations were very low for measures of ADHD and DZ variances were greater than MZ variances for these variables. Correlations sometimes differed between sexes but those for boy-girl pairs were usually similar to those for like-sex pairs. Most of the measures showed small to moderate additive genetic effects and moderate to large effects of the unique individual environment. Measures of ADHD and related constructs showed marked sibling contrast effects. Some measures of oppositional behavior and conduct disorder showed shared environmental effects. There were marked sex differences in the genetic contribution to separation anxiety, otherwise similar genetic effects appear to be expressed in boys and girls. Effects of rater biases on the genetic analysis are considered. The study supports a widespread influence of genetic factors on risk to adolescent psychopathology and suggests that the contribution of different types of social influence may vary consistently across domains of measurement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01614.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of the within-family environment in twins: absolute versus differential ratings, and relationship with conduct problems (2002)
    Oxford UK : Blackwell Publishers
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 43 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background: The aim was to compare the psychometric properties of absolute versus differential ratings of the within-family environments and to examine their associations with conduct problems in 8–16-year-old twins. Methods: The sample comprised 1117 pairs of like-sex male and female twins and their parents, recruited from the school population of Virginia. The within-family environment was assessed from the Twin Inventory of Relationships and Experiences (TIRE), which provided measures of differential parental criticism, parental preference for one twin, and twins' peers' conduct problems, as rated by mothers, fathers and each of the twins. Twins' conduct problems were assessed by a modified version of the Olweus questionnaire. Results: Although differential ratings and absolute ratings had similar psychometric properties, the use of absolute ratings to differentiate the twins resulted in a construct with weak inter-rater agreement and low stability over time. Differential ratings of the twins' environment showed significant associations with differences in conduct problems between the twins, whereas the difference in absolute ratings of each twin did not. The differential parental criticism effect was uninfluenced by the overall level of criticism in the family. Conclusions: A direct contrast between siblings or twins, as part of the rating procedure (as provided by differential ratings), may be a more efficient way to assess aspects of the within-family environment that are reliable and which are associated with psychopathology. Both differential parental criticism and peers' conduct disturbance were associated with conduct problems in the twins.
TIRE: Twin Inventory of Relationships and Experiences; VTSABD: Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00233
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Multiple Measures of ADHD Symptomatology: A Multivariate Genetic Analysis (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 42 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: The phenotypic and genetic interrelationships underlying ADHD symptomatology assessed by various instruments were examined on a sample of 735 male and 819 female same-sex twin pairs, aged 8 to 16 years, participating in the first phase of the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD). Multivariate analyses were applied to parental and teacher ratings from an investigator-based interview, the CAPA, and three questionnaires (the CBCL and the Rutter Parent and Teacher Scales). Results from patterns of intercorrelations and factor analyses of maternal measures suggested that at the phenotypic level, these assessed the same underlying behavioural construct, which differed from other emotional and behavioural constructs. However, genetic analyses showed that in addition to a common factor underlying the expression of ADHD as assessed across the range of measures, additional genetic factors were identified that were method- and rater-specific. The findings suggest that although the investigator-based interview and the behavioural checklists tap similar aspects of ADHD behaviour, there is additional rater-specific variance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00741
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental Concordance and Comorbidity for Psychiatric Disorder and Associate Risks for Current Psychiatric Symptoms and Disorders in a Community Sample of Juvenile Twins (2001)
    Oxford, UK and Boston, USA : Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 42 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: In this report we characterize associations between parental psychiatric disorders and children's psychiatric symptoms and disorders using a population-based sample of 850 twin families. Juvenile twins are aged 8–17 years and are personally interviewed about their current history of DSM-III-R conduct, depression, oppositional-defiant, overanxious, and separation anxiety disorders using the CAPA-C. Mothers and fathers of twins are personally interviewed about their lifetime history of DSM-III-R alcoholism, antisocial personality disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, major depression, panic disorder/agoraphobia, social phobia, and simple phobia using a modified version of the SCID and the DIS. Generalized least squares and logistic regression are used to identify the juvenile symptoms and disorders that are significantly associated with parental psychiatric histories. The specificity of these associations is subsequently explored in a subset of families with maternal, plus parental psychiatric histories with a prevalence 〉 1%. Parental depression that is not comorbid or associated with a different spousal disorder is associated with a significantly elevated level of depression and overanxious disorder symptoms and a significantly increased risk for overanxious disorder. Risks are higher for both symptomatic domains in association with maternal than paternal depression, and highest in association with maternal plus paternal depression. Risks for other juvenile symptoms and disorders index the comorbid and spousal histories with which parental depression is commonly associated. Paternal alcoholism that is not comorbid or associated with a maternal disorder is not significantly associated with current psychiatric symptoms or disorders in offspring. Risks for oppositional-defiant or conduct symptoms/disorders in the offspring of alcoholic parents index parental comorbidity and/or other spousal histories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00731
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Genetics of Children's Oral Reading Performance (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 37 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Measures of reading achievement and verbal ability have been shown to be heritable. Additionally, recent evidence has been suggestive of a major gene effect on reading disability and for problem reading in a sample of normal readers. We report on the etiology of individual differences in oral reading performance, the Slosson Oral Reading Test (SORT), for which biometrical analyses have not been reported in the literature previously. Oral reading performance was measured in a large population-based sample of twins of the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development. Biometrical analyses of the SORT suggested that, in both mates and females. 69% of the phenotypic variation was due to heritable influences and 13”v of the variation dm- to shared environmental effects. While the relative importance of genetic and environmental influences is equivalent for males and females, males showed greater phenotypic variability than females.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01423.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The developmental association between eating disorders symptoms and symptoms of depression and anxiety in juvenile twin girls (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of child psychology and psychiatry 46 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-7610
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Objective:  We investigated the role of genetic and environmental factors in the developmental association among symptoms of eating disorders, depression, and anxiety syndromes in 8–13-year-old and 14–17-year-old twin girls.Methods:  Multivariate genetic models were fitted to child-reported longitudinal symptom data gathered from clinical interview on 408 MZ and 198 DZ female twin pairs from the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioural Development (VTSABD).Results:  Model-fitting revealed distinct etiological patterns underlying the association among symptoms of eating disorders, depression, overanxious disorder (OAD), and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) during the course of development: 1) a common genetic factor influencing liability to all symptoms – of early and later OAD, depression, SAD, and eating symptoms; 2) a distinct genetic factor specifically indexing liability to early eating disorders symptoms; 3) a shared environmental factor specifically influencing early depression and early eating disorders symptoms; and 4) a common environmental factor affecting liability to symptoms of later eating disorders and both early and later separation anxiety.Conclusions:  These results suggest a pervasive genetic effect that influences liability to symptoms of over-anxiety, separation anxiety, depression, and eating disorder throughout development, a shared environmental influence on later adolescent eating problems and persistent separation anxiety, genetic influences specific to early eating disorders symptoms, and a shared environmental factor influencing symptoms of early eating and depression.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01427.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analyzing twin resemblance in multisymptom data: Genetic applications of a latent class model for symptoms of conduct disorder in juvenile boys (1993)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 23 (1993), S. 5-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Adolescence ; age ; categorical data ; conduct disorder ; development ; etiological heterogeneity ; genotype × environment interaction ; latent class models ; major gene ; segregation analysis ; twins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract A model based on the latent class model is developed for the effects of genes and environment on multivariate categorical data in twins. The model captures many essential features of dimensional and categorical conceptions of complex behavioral phenotypes and can include, as special cases, a variety of major locus models including those that allow for etiological heterogeneity, differential sensitivity of latent classes to measured covariates, and genotype × environment interaction (G×E). Many features of the model are illustrated by an application to ratings on eight items relating to conduct disorder selected from the Rutter Parent Questionnaire (RPQ). Mothers rated their 8-to 16-year-old male twin offspring [174 monozygotic (MZ) and 164 dizygotic (DZ) pairs]. The impact of age on the frequency of reported symptoms was relatively slight. Preliminary latent class analysis suggests that four classes are required to explain the reported behavioral profiles of the individual twins. A more detailed analysis of the pairwise response profiles reveals a significant association between twins for membership of latent classes and that the association is greater in MZ than DZ twins, suggesting that genetic factors played a significant role in class membership. Further analysis shows that the frequencies of MZ pairs discordant for membership of some latent classes are close to zero, while others are definitely not zero. One possible explanation of this finding is that the items reflect underlying etiological heterogeneity, with some response profiles reflecting genetic categories and others revealing a latent environmental risk factor. We explore two “four-class” models for etiological heterogeneity which make different assumptions about the way in which genes and environment interact to produce complex disease phenotypes. The first model allows for genetic heterogeneity that is expressed only in individuals exposed to a high-risk (“predisposing”) environment. The second model allows the environment to differentiate two forms of the disorder in individuals of high genetic risk. The first model fits better than the second, but neither fits as well as the general model for four latent classes associated in twins. The results suggest that a single-locus/two-allele model cannot fit the data on these eight items even when we allow for etiological heterogeneity. The pattern of endorsement probabilities associated with each of the four classes precludes a simple “unidimensional” model for the latent process underlying variation in symptom profile in this population. The extension of the approach to larger pedigrees and to linkage analysis is briefly considered.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01067550
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic Effects on ADHD Symptomatology in 7- to 13-Year-Old Twins: Results from a Telephone Survey (1998)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 28 (1998), S. 83-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ; genetics ; twins ; oppositional-defiant disorder ; conduct disorder ; contrast effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The magnitude of genetic and environmental factors and the influence of contrast effects on attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptomatology were examined on a sample of 900 twin pairs, aged 7–13, participating in the Virginia Twin Study of Adolescent Behavioral Development (VTSABD). In addition, the genetic and environmental correlations between ADHD and oppositional-defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) symptomatology were estimated. A series of structural models was applied to maternal ratings from a telephone survey, designed to screen for the three dimensions of ADHD symptomatology (hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention) and ODD/CD symptomatology. Model-fitting results suggested that ADHD symptomatology is highly heritable and influenced mostly by additive genetic, specific environmental, and contrast effects. However, this analysis could not exclude with statistical significance additional effects from dominance. The results of the best-fitting bivariate model suggested that the genetic correlation between the two traits is 50% and replicated previous findings of a common genetic factor influencing the comorbidity of ADHD and ODD/CD symptomatologies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021686906396
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic and Environmental Influences on Child Reports of Manifest Anxiety and Symptoms of Separation Anxiety and Overanxious Disorders: A Community-Based Twin Study (1997)
    Springer
    Behavior genetics 27 (1997), S. 15-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-3297
    Keywords: Manifest anxiety ; separation anxiety ; overanxious disorder ; child reports ; genetic influences ; environmental influences ; twin study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic and environmental influences in the determination of individual differences in self-reported symptoms of separation anxiety (SAD), overanxious disorder (OAD), and manifest anxiety (MANX) were evaluated in children and adolescents for three age groups (8–10, 11–13, and 14–16). Symptom counts for SAD and OAD were assessed for 1412 twin pairs using the children's version of the Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Assessment, and MANX scores were based on child report from the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scales. Despite significant age and gender differences in thresholds of liability for child reports of symptoms of SAD and OAD, additive genetic and environmental effects could be set equal across age and gender for these variables. For MANX, however, the best-fitting model was a common effects sex-limitation model with estimates of heritabiliry varying dependent upon age and gender. Parameter estimates from the ACE models of OAD and SAD showed that additive genetic variation was a necessary component in the explanation of individual differences in child-reported symptoms of OAD (h 2 = .37) across gender, but does not appear to be a major contributor to the explanation of individual differences in symptoms of SAD reported by children. Shared environmental effects (c 2 = .40) were found to play a moderate role for SAD but could be dropped from the model for OAD and from all of the age groups for MANX, although the parameter approached significance among 11 yr to 13-year-old males.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1025607107566
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