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  • 1
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 22 Gesunden und 24 Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Atemwegserkrankung wurde der Zusammenhang zwischen dem aktuellen Lungenvolumen und dem Luftwegwiderstand über den ganzen Bereich der Vitalkapazität sowohl bei langsmaer wie bei forcierter In- und Exspiration untersucht. Gleichzeitig wurden die jeweiligen Oesophagus-und Alveolardrucke sowie die Strömungen gemessen. Das Verhalten der Strömung ist bei Patienten unter forcierter Atmung deutlicher vom Strömungsverhalten der Gesunden unterschieden als bei Normalatmung. Der druckabhängige Teil der Exspiration wird von einem Teil gefolgt, der nach den Oesophagusdrucken druckunabhängig erscheint. Bei Gesunden steigen die Strömungswiderstände erst deutlich an, wenn die kritische Volumengrenze von 30% der Vitalkapazität unterschritten wird. In diesem Bereich werden auch die Oesophagusdrucke positiv. Bei Patienten mit obstruktiver Atemwegserkrankung verschiebt sich mit steigendem StrÖmungswiderstand in den Atemwegen diese Grenze in immer höhere Bereiche der Vitalkapazität und wird immer weniger deutlich vom Oesophagusdruck abhängig. Die Beziehungen zwischen aktuellem Lungenvolumen und Strömungswiderstand in den Atemwegen zeigen bei Gesunden und Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Atemwegserkrankung prinzipielle Ähnlichkeiten. Die Versuche mit einem Bronchodilatator aus der Anticholinergicagruppe haben gezeigt, daß die Lage der Volumen/Strömungswiderstandskurve vom Bronchialmuskeltonus mitbestimmt wird. Alle Ergebnisse lassen den Schluß zu, daß der Strömungswiderstand in den Atemwegen vom Bronchialmuskeltonus, Alveolardruck und Intrapleuraldruck, Lungenvolumen, Lungenelastizität und von der Stärke der Strömung abhängt. Während der Atemphasen besteht zwischen diesen Faktoren ein Gleichgewicht. Die Änderung jeder Einzelkomponente wird die Strömungswiderstände beeinflussen. Die Vergrößerung des intrathorakalen Gasvolumens wie der Totalkapazität ist bei Patienten mit obstruktiver Atemwegserkrankung eine unabdingbare Voraussetzung für die Ventilierbarkeit des Alveolarraumes. Dieser Kompensationsfähigkeit sind bei schwerer Atemwegsobstruktion aber Grenzen gesetzt.
    Notes: Summary Measurements in 22 healthy subjects and in 24 patients with chronic obstructive airway disease have shown that the volume/flow relationship is more marked by different between healthy persons and patients under forced respiration than under normal breathing conditions. Following the oesophagus pressure, we can divide the expiration between pressure-dependent and -independent. The airway resistance increases sharply during expiration in healthy persons at vital capacity values below 30%. In patients with chronic obstructive airway disease, critical volume increases with increasing airway resistance and becomes increasingly fainter. The relationship between the lung volume and airway resistance in healthy persons and in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease shows characteristic similarities. Experiments with a bronchodilator (anticholinergicum) show that the volume/airway resistance curve is also influenced by the tones of the muscles of the bronchi. All our experiments show that airway resistance depends on the tones of the muscles of the bronchi, on intraalvcolar and intrapleural pressures, on the volume of the lung, the elasticity of the lung and on the air flow. These values are in equilibrium: a change in any one of these factors will influence airway resistance. An increase in intrathoracic gas volume and in total capacity is absolutely necessary for the ventilation of the alveolar space in patients with chronic obstructive bronchitis. This possibility for compensation has a clearly recognizable limit in patients with obstructive airway disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International archives of occupational and environmental health 29 (1972), S. 221-232 
    ISSN: 1432-1246
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of sulphur-dioxide (SO2) on the bronchial reactivity against acetylcholine (ACH) is carried out on 25 dogs. The dogs were exposed initially to acetylcholine aerosol, then to SO2 for 1 hr and again to ACH. 3 such cycles were repeated. The concentration of SO2 used were 1, 2, 5 and 10 ppm and the controls were given room air in place of SO2. The parameters studied were intrathoracic pressure as the indicator of bronchoconstriction, blood oxygen and carbon-dioxide, tidal volume, respiratory rates and arterial blood pressure. All the SO2 exposed animals have shown a significant increase of bronchial sensitivity than those of the controls. Maximum sensitization was induced by 2 ppm. The reaction provoked by 1 and 5 ppm were almost of the same order and little smaller than 2 ppm but greater than those produced by 10 ppm. The peak reactions against ACH observed for 1, 2 and 5 ppm were 3, 2 and 1 hr of exposure, respectively. After attaining the peak points, the reactions declined in all the 3 groups. But no such trend was obtained for those animals exposed to 10 ppm of SO2. The role of small concentration of SO2 as bronchial sensitizing agent against ACH is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 10 (1976), S. 201-208 
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Airways obstruction ; parasympathomimetic ; broncholysis ; pathophysiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Anticholinergic agents have proved to be powerful bronchodilating drugs in various types of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Atropine given as an aerosol had a stronger bronchodilating effect, even in low doses not producing side-effects, than after peroral or intramuscular administration. Sch 1000, a new quater-nized atropine derivative had a stronger and more prolonged bronchodilator effect, even in significantly lower doses, and no side effects were observed. Because of its adventageous characteristics, Sch 1000 seems to be the anticholinergic agent to be preferred in clinical practice. It shows a wider therapeutic range than the beta adrenergic agent orciprenaline. A vagus-mediated reflex mechanism may be involved in histamine-induced bronchoconstriction. Experimental results show that a cholinergic mechanism and increased parasympathetic tone are important factors in the pathological mechanism of chronic airways obstruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-1750
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Durch sputumeigene proteolytische Fermente wird die Empfindlichkeit der bronchoconstrictorischen Acetylcholinreceptoren erheblich gesteigert. Im Sputum finden sich Fermentinhibitoren, welche auch bei großer Fermentaktivität eine erhebliche Schutzfunktion gegen die Wirkung der proteolytischen Fermente an den Acetylcholinreceptoren im Bronchialbaum ausüben können. Da das Acetylcholin für den funktionellen Anteil der Atemwegsobstruktion bei Patienten mit chronisch obstruktiver Bronchitis, auch bei „allergischer Atemwegsobstruktion“, von entscheidender Bedeutung ist, spielt die Empfindlichkeit der Acetylcholinreceptoren im Bronchialbaum eine zentrale Bedeutung bei dieser Krankheitsgruppe.
    Notes: Abstract The proteolytic enzyme containing sputum may increase the sensitivity of the cholinergic broncho-constrictory receptors to a great extent. Enzyme inhibitors are also detected in sputum. These inhibitors can protect the cholinergic receptors in the bronchial tree against the effect of proteolytic enzyme. The influence of acetylcholine on obstruction of the air passage in chronic obstructive bronchitis, as well as allergic air passage obstruction, is of decisive importance. The hypersensitivity of the cholinergic receptors in the bronchial tree plays a significant role in this group diseases.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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