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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus in the Philippines (1989)
    Springer
    Infection 17 (1989), S. 275-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In den Philippinen wurde zwischen 1981 und 1983 eine Verlaufsstudie zur Mutter-Kind-Übertragung des Hepatitis-B-Virus durchgeführt. Bei 527 Müttern fand sich eine HBsAg-Prävalenz von 8,5%. Sieben von 17 Neugeborenen (41,2%) der HBsAg-Carrier-Mütter wurden im Ablauf der ersten 12 Lebensmonate HBsAg-positiv. Bei Kindern HBsAg-positiver Mütter war das Risiko einer HBsAg-Serokonversion 20mal höher als bei Kindern HBsAg-negativer Mütter (OR=18,9; 95%; Ci=2,0−86,6). Bei Müttern, die nicht nur HBsAg, sondern auch HBeAg-Carrier waren, bestand ein noch größeres Risiko für das Kind, HBsAg-positiv zu werden (OR=91,0; 95%; Ci=49,2−164,8). Bei Müttern, die HBsAg-Carrier, aber anti-HBe-positiv waren, bestand nur ein sehr geringes Übertragungsrisiko. Schätzungsweise sind ein Drittel der Fälle von HBsAg-Positivität bei einjährigen Kindern auf Mutter-Kind-Übertragung zurückzuführen. Die Bedeutung dieser Daten für die Planung von Impfaktionen zur Prävention von HBV-Infektionen wird diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary A follow-up study of mother to infant transmission of hepatitis B virus was conducted in the Philippines between 1981 and 1983. The prevalence of HBsAg among 527 mothers was 8.5%. Overall, seven out of 17 (41.2%) infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers became HBsAg positive within the first 12 months of life. The risk of becoming HBsAg positive was about 20 times higher for infants born to HBsAg positive mothers than for infants born to HBsAg negative mothers (OR=18.9, 95% Ci=2.0−86.6). The risk was even higher if the mother was a carrier of both HBsAg und HBeAg (OR=91.0, 95% Ci=49.2−164.8). However, the risk of transmission was very low if the mother was an HBsAg carrier and anti-HBe positive. It was estimated that mother to infant transmission accounts for about one third of HBsAg positivity at one year of age. The implications of these findings in the planning of vaccination campaigns to prevent HBV infections are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01650707
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence and causes of vision loss in central Tanzania (1991)
    Springer
    International ophthalmology 15 (1991), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2630
    Keywords: blindness ; cataracts ; corneal opacity ; Tanzania ; trachoma ; visual impairment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A population-based survey of the prevalence of major blinding disorders was conducted in three villages in central Tanzania. Overall, 1827 people overthe age of seven years old were examined. In those age seven and older, the prevalence of bilateral blindness (visual acuity in the better eye of 〈3/60) was 1.26% and monocular blindness (visual acuity of 〈3/60 in one eye) was 4.32% and the prevalence of visual impairment (visual acuity 〈6/18 but ≥3/60 in both eyes was 1.04% and in one eye was 1.75%. Corneal opacities were responsible for 44% of bilateral and 39% of monocular blindness and resulted from trachoma, measles often in association with Vitamin A deficiency, keratoconjunctivitis, and the use of traditional eye medicines. Cataracts accounted for 22% of bilateral and 6% of monocular blindness. Readily preventable or reversible causes of blindness were responsible for 65% of cases of bilateral and 46% of monocular blindness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01046432
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence and causes of vision loss in central Tanzania (1991)
    Springer
    International ophthalmology 15 (1991), S. 123-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2630
    Keywords: blindness ; cataracts ; corneal opacity ; Tanzania ; trachoma ; visual impairment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A population-based survey of the prevalence of major blinding disorders was conducted in three villages in central Tanzania. Overall, 1827 people overthe age of seven years old were examined. In those age seven and older, the prevalence of bilateral blindness (visual acuity in the better eye of 〈3/60) was 1.26% and monocular blindness (visual acuity of 〈3/60 in one eye) was 4.32% and the prevalence of visual impairment (visual acuity 〈6/18 but ≥3/60 in both eyes was 1.04% and in one eye was 1.75%. Corneal opacities were responsible for 44% of bilateral and 39% of monocular blindness and resulted from trachoma, measles often in association with Vitamin A deficiency, keratoconjunctivitis, and the use of traditional eye medicines. Cataracts accounted for 22% of bilateral and 6% of monocular blindness. Readily preventable or reversible causes of blindness were responsible for 65% of cases of bilateral and 46% of monocular blindness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00224465
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Etiology of corneal opacification in central Tanzania (1993)
    Springer
    International ophthalmology 17 (1993), S. 47-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2630
    Keywords: blindness ; corneal opacification ; keratoconjunctivitis ; measles ; trachoma ; vitamin A deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The frequency and causes of visually significant corneal opacification in central Tanzania was assessed by a population-based survey. The overall prevalence of bilateral corneal opacification was 1.16% (95% CI 0.31–1.44) and unilateral corneal opacification was 2.07% (95% CI 1.55–2.73). Bilateral corneal opacification was most frequently associated with trachoma, keratoconjunctivitis, vitamin A deficiency and measles. Unilateral corneal opacification had similar causes with the addition of cases caused by trauma. Corneal scarring is a frequent occurence in this region. The majority of cases of corneal opacification are secondary to potentially preventable or treatable causes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00918868
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evaluation of barriers to surgical compliance in the treatment of trichiasis (1997)
    Springer
    International ophthalmology 21 (1997), S. 235-241 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2630
    Keywords: chlamydia ; surgery ; Tanzania ; trachoma ; trichiasis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Purpose: Eyelid repair surgery can preventthe effects of trichiasis leading to visual loss.Cost, transportation difficulties, and familialresponsibilities have been identified as majorbarriers to surgical compliance. We evaluated whetheroffering trichiasis surgery in the village waseffective in increasing the rate of surgicalacceptance and in decreasing perceived barriers tosurgery. Methods: In 1989, 205 women withtrichiasis were identified in Central Tanzania andwere offered free surgery along with free transport. As of 1991, only 18% of these women had undergone thesurgery. We followed-up these women 7 years laterafter village level surgery was introduced.Results: Since 1991, an additional 12% ofthe women had undergone eyelid surgery. 44% wereconducted in the village. Surgical cases since 1991reported shorter travel times to the place of surgery,similar post-surgical problems, and fewer days in thehospital. While providing benefits to the patient,increased village eye services did not increase therate of surgical acceptance. The women who declinedsurgery did not know surgery in the village wasavailable and the perceived cost and transportationdifficulties continued to be barriers. 50% of thenon-acceptors stated that there was nothing that wouldenable them to accept surgical intervention despitethe fact that 3/4 of them reported eye symptoms thatinterfered with their daily activities.Conclusions: The cost efficacy of villagelevel eye services needs to be evaluated and theawareness of these services increased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006045824191
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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