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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-temperature ohmic contact to n-type 6H-SiC using nickel (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 77 (1995), S. 1317-1319 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Specific contact resistances measured at elevated temperatures for Ni ohmic contacts to 6H-SiC were reported. The specific contact resistances were measured with the linear transmission line method at both room temperature and at 500 °C and yielded values 〈5×10−6 Ω cm2 at both temperatures. The trend shows a decreasing contact resistance at higher temperatures. The annealed metal film is a nickel silicide with substantial mixing of C throughout the silicide layer. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.358936
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capacitance-voltage studies of InP metal-oxide-semiconductor devices irradiated with 4He+ ions (1989)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 66 (1989), S. 4201-4205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements have been made on n-InP metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices damaged by 2-MeV 4 He+ ion bombardment. The C-V curves for samples with thin oxide layer (∼100 A(ring)) show the presence of a depletion layer during both forward and reverse bias. This behavior is significantly different from those of normal, undamaged MOS devices. Measurements made on n-InP MOS samples with different oxide thicknesses show that the C-V curves gradually approach that of a MOS device on a p-type substrate. The anomalous behavior of the C-V curves for the irradiated samples can be explained by the presence of an n-p-n structure under the oxide layer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.343984
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The interaction of atomic oxygen with thin copper films (1992)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    The Journal of Chemical Physics 96 (1992), S. 2318-2323 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7690
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A source of thermal, ground-state atomic oxygen has been used to expose thin copper films at a flux of 1.4×1017 atoms/cm2 s for times up to 50 min for each of five temperatures between 140 and 200 °C. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy was used to characterize the oxide formed during exposure. The observations are consistent with the oxide phase Cu2O. The time dependence and the temperature dependence of the oxide layer thickness can be described using oxide film growth theory based on rate limitation by diffusion. Within the time and temperature ranges of this study, the growth of the oxide layers is well described by the equation L(T,t)=3.6×108 exp(−1.1/2kBT)t12, where L, T, and t are measured in angstroms, degrees Kelvin, and minutes, respectively. The deduced activation energy is 1.10±0.15 eV, with the attendant oxidation rate being greater than that for the corresponding reaction in molecular oxygen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.462028
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phase determination and spatial distribution of an ion-beam mixed internal interface: Fe/Sn (1990)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 67 (1990), S. 3121-3131 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Ion-beam mixing of tin on iron provides corrosion protection against high-temperature oxidation. Previous studies have been inconclusive as to the exact composition and distribution of alloys produced at the Fe/Sn interface. This study provides a detailed diagram of Fe-Sn specimens after ion-beam mixing with Ar+ at 40 keV and a dose of 5×1016 ions/cm2 . The interface was isotopically labeled with 7.5 nm of 57 Fe and 119 Sn so that dual perspective conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy could be performed. Analyses in this manner allowed comparison of 119 Sn conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS) and 57 Fe CEMS spectra to accurately assign spectral components which could not be conclusively assigned using a single CEMS perspective. Information from Rutherford backscattering spectrometry confirmed the layered nature of specimens prior to implantation and was used for depth determination of the mixed region after implantation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and scanning electron microscopy also provided information after implantation. Data indicate the formation of a uniform amorphous surface during implantation resulting in a heterogeneous mixture of components consisting mainly of dilute tin in iron (approximately 8-at. % Sn) and FeSnx (x≈1). About 80% of the 37.5-nm tin overlayer was removed by sputtering. The components identified are somewhat more iron rich than previous assignments and illustrate the difference in surface structures resulting from various implantation parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.345389
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of nitric oxide annealing on the interface trap densities near the band edges in the 4H polytype of silicon carbide (2000)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 76 (2000), S. 1713-1715 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Results of capacitance–voltage measurements are reported for metal–oxide–semiconductor capacitors fabricated using the 4H polytype of silicon carbide doped with either nitrogen (n) or aluminum (p). Annealing in nitric oxide after a standard oxidation/reoxidation process results in a slight increase in the defect state density in the lower portion of the band gap for p-SiC and a significant decrease in the density of states in the upper half of the gap for n-SiC. Theoretical calculations provide an explanation for these results in terms of N passivating C and C clusters at the oxide–semiconductor interface. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.126167
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contact resistance measurements on p-type 6H-SiC (1993)
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 62 (1993), S. 384-386 
    Details
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Specific contact resistance measurements are reported for Al-Ti ohmic contacts to epitaxial p-type 6H-SiC as a function of epitaxial doping. The circular transmission line method was used to measure the specific contact resistance including the sheet resistance of the epitaxial layer and the modified sheet resistance under the contact. Epitaxial layers with Al doping between 5.5×1015 and 2×1019 cm−3 yielded specific contact resistances between 2.9×10−2 and 1.5×10−5 Ω cm2. A good theoretical fit to the contact resistance data was obtained by assuming the metal-6H-SiC barrier height to equal 0.37 eV.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.108964
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of porous ceramic cup water samplers to measure solute leaching on chalk soils (1997)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 13 (1997), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. This paper reports results from a four year study to investigate the suitability of porous ceramic cups to measure solute leaching on shallow chalk soils. Measurements were carried out in one field following surface applications of nitrate and bromide tracers and in two fields after only bromide was applied. Soil water samples were collected from porous cups at 30,60 and 90cm depth after every 25 mm of drainage, and soil samples from 0–30, 30–60 and 60–90 cm were collected monthly eachwinter. Soil matric suctions andvolumetric moisture content were measured in one winter. Leaching losses, measured with ceramic cups were compared with those measured by soil analysis. Porous cups installed in chalk at 60 and 90 cm depth were only able to collect samples regularly when soil matric suctions were less than 15 kPa. Water held at such low suctions is likely to move quickly through relatively large fissures in the chalk. The slow rate of equilibration between solute concentrations in water moving in macrofissures and those in water moving through micropores of the chalk matrix, means that porous cups may not provide good estimates of leaching losses if they are installed in chalk rock.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00578.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field and modelling studies to assess the risk to UK groundwater from earth-based stores for livestock manure (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Soil use and management 17 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1475-2743
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract. Boreholes have been constructed at eight sites on the Permo-Triassic Sandstone and Chalk aquifers to assess the extent of chemical and microbiological contamination emanating from unlined farm manure stores. Slurry along fracture faces in the Chalk was found on cores taken from beneath two stores. Porewaters from the Chalk sites and one of the Sandstone sites were discoloured and showed high concentrations of nitrate, ammonium and organic carbon to depths in excess of 10 m. Although Cryptosporidia and Escherichia coli O157 were found in many of the cattle slurry lagoons, neither were found in the aquifer material beneath. The self-sealing of unlined slurry stores is seen as a crucial step in minimizing leakage. A simple mass balance shows farm boreholes near to contaminant sources are at greater risk than public supply wells. Contaminant modelling shows discontinuing use of an unlined farm manure store will lead to little difference in solute concentrations over the short to medium term. Groundwater is most at risk where the water table is shallow since direct hydraulic connection between the lagoon base and the water table considerably increases the rate of vertical migration. This is of greatest significance for pathogens that are thought to be relatively short lived in the subsurface. Under the majority of situations minimal threat is posed to potable groundwater drinking supplies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.2001.tb00018.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SEDIMENT ROUTING FOR AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS (1975)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 11 (1975), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : A sediment routing technique was developed to route sediment yield from small watersheds through streams and valleys to the outlet of large watersheds. The technique is based on the modified universal sol loss equation and a first order decay function of travel time and particle size. Deposition is dependent upon settling velocities of sediment particles, travel time, and the amount of sediment in suspension. Sediment routing increases sediment yield prediction accuracy and allows determination of subwatershed contributions to the total sediment yield. Also, the locations and amounts of floodplain scour and deposition can be predicted. Another advantage of sediment routing is that measured sediment yield data are not required. The procedure performed satisfactorily in test routings on two Texas blackland watersheds Sediment routing will be useful in flood control evaluation, reservoir and channel design, water quality calculations, environmental impact assessment, and land-use planning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1975.tb01817.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    VALIDATION OF THE SWAT MODEL ON A LARGE RWER BASIN WITH POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1752-1688
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Architecture, Civil Engineering, Surveying , Geography
    Notes: : The State of Texas has initiated the development of a Total Maximum Daily Load program in the Bosque River Watershed, where point and nonpoint sources of pollution are a concern. Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was validated for flow, sediment, and nutrients in the watershed to evaluate alternative management scenarios and estimate their effects in controlling pollution. This paper discusses the calibration and validation at two locations, Hico and Valley Mills, along the North Bosque River. Calibration for flow was performed from 1960 through 1998. Sediment and nutrient calibration was done from 1993 through 1997 at Hico and from 1996 through 1997 at Valley Mills. Model validation was performed for 1998. Time series plots and statistical measures were used to verify model predictions. Predicted values generally matched well with the observed values during calibration and validation (R2≥ 0.6 and Nash-Suttcliffe Efficiency ≥ 0.5, in most instances) except for some underprediction of nitrogen during calibration at both locations and sediment and organic nutrients during validation at Valley Mills. This study showed that SWAT was able to predict flow, sediment, and nutrients successfully and can be used to study the effects of alternative management scenarios.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03630.x
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