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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electron Microscopic Localization of Amines in Central Nervous Tissue (1966)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 209 (1966), S. 1131-1133 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Several techniques for fine-structural norepinephrine localization have been reported in adrenomedullary tissue4?7. One of these4,5 has been used to detect amines in the central nervous system. This communication reports some results obtained with a group of Syrian hamsters. Adult Syrian hamsters ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2091131b0
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Histochemical Localization of Amines in Hydra and in the Sea Anemone (1964)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 201 (1964), S. 88-90 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Recently, histochemical techniques were developed which will differentiate epinephrine, norepinephrine and 5-HT in the same histological section5,6 and a more sensitive technique was developed for the histocytochemical detection of norepinephrine7. These techniques were used for localizing 5-HT, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/201088b0
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochemistry of epinephrine and norepinephrine adrenomedullary cells (1971)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 28 (1971), S. 183-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat adrenomedullary tissue was fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in a variety of buffers at different osmolarities. Incubations were performed in potassium dichromate (DC) at pH 4.1 to identify norepinephrine (NE) specifically and in osmium tetroxide to enhance contrast and to define membrane structures. Different buffer systems were also used for the DC and the osmium processes. It is evident from the results that both the osmolarity of the initial fixative and the incubation process itself are critical for adrenomedullary catecholamine (CAM) localization. Furthermore, the Schiff monobase formed by the amine and the aldehyde in the initial reaction was found to be reactive before and even after the tissue had been epoxy-embedded. Thus the technique of “on-grid” staining of tissue with DC has now been made possible and works sufficiently well to show a high degree of promise for future investigations. In vitro experiments were performed using purified CAMs. Reactions were conducted using the purified CAMs in solution with glutaraldehyde. The resulting reaction products then were incubated with DC and collected by centrifugation. The amount of chromium (Cr) present in the products was determined by the use of an electron probe as well as by chemical analyses by a commercial laboratory. In all cases it was evident that indeed Cr was in the reaction product, indicating this to be the electron-dense product seen microscopically in the tissue. In essence, as a result of this investigation, the specificity of the glutaraldehyde-DC pH 4.1 reaction has been made more sensitive, more utilizable cytochemically, and further substantiated by the chemical analyses of in vitro reaction products. Moreover, the “on-grid” staining technique leads to a new concept, not only in the electron microscopy of CAMs but in other heavy metal reactions as well.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00305672
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of the analytical electron microscope (AEM) in cytochemical studies of the central nervous system (1975)
    Springer
    Histochemistry and cell biology 41 (1975), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-119X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Central nervous tissues (median eminence and arcuate nucleus) were studied by means of energy dispersive x-ray analysis using electron optical systems (analytical electron microscopy). These studies were conducted after the tissue had been treated specifically for localized biogenic amines (BA). The results indicate that not only is the BA cytochemical reaction highly specific, and that BAs can be localized intraneuronally in areas not previously identified, but also that the analytical electron microscope is a very valuable and potentially powerful tool in the studies of inclusion bodies and organelles in the central nervous system and other tissues. Thus, the nonspecific density production by osmium tetroxide can be elucidated from the specific BA reaction plus other areas of the nervous system containing density producing heavy metals, i.e., iron are readily identifiable.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00497686
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Osmium tetroxide versus glutaraldehyde fixation in adrenomedullary tissue (1966)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 71 (1966), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osmium tetroxide and glutaraldehyde fixation of adrenomedullary tissue presents evidence that these two fixatives preserve the tissue in quite different manners. Not only is the type of fixative of importance, but also the osmolarity of the fixatives is a prime factor in producing an accurate pictorial account of catecholamines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335751
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Denervation and/or reserpine-induced changes in adrenomedullary catecholamines and nucleotidases (1970)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 111 (1970), S. 539-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adrenal medulla ; Catecholamines ; Nucleotidases ; Reserpine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Adult male rats were given doses of 5 mg- and 10 mg/kg of reserpine. Other rats were subjected to denervation of the left adrenal gland and administered the same doses of reserpine. These four groups of animals were compared with normal uninjected controls and uninjected animals with denervated left adrenal glands. Adrenal glands were analyzed quantitatively for norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) and histochemically for NE, E, adenosinemonophosphatase (AMPase) and adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase). Results clearly show that reserpine injection induces catecholamine (CAM) loss from adrenomedullary tissue and concomitantly produces a decrease in AMPase and a marked increase in ATPase activity. All alterations are dose related. Denervation alone has little or no effect on adrenomedullary CAMs or nucleotidases; however, it does block a major portion of the effect of reserpine. From these results it is concluded that a portion of CAM release from the adrenal medulla is mediated through the nervous system and this release is related to ATPase activity. A further mechanism of CAM release is beyond neurogenic control and may or may not be ATPase related.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00330930
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effects of niamid and reserpine on the nerve endings of the pineal gland (1973)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 145 (1973), S. 151-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal gland ; Kitten ; Nerve endings ; Influence of Reserpine, Niamid ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kitten pineal glands were studied cytochemically under normal conditions, after reserpine injection, and after niamid administration. Adrenergic nerve elements were in perivascular spaces while cholinergic terminals were adjacent to pinealocytes, often times in synaptic contact. BA reactions are primarily in dotted vesicles of adrenergic terminals with some reaction in granular vesicles. Positive reaction occurs along neurotubules and membranous structures of adrenergig nerve fibers and terminals indicating membrane-bounded BA's. Niamid increased the number and density of dotted vesicles, and some granular vesicles are increased in density and size. Reserpine produced a loss reaction in dotted vesicles and a loss of vesicle matrix, producing elliptical vesicles. There is loss of reaction of the dotted vesicles, but occasionally, the positive granular reaction remains. Cholinergic terminals demonstrate no changes with either niamid or reserpine. These findings indicate BAs are stored in reserpine sensitive dotted vesicles and membraneous structures. The findings also show that the dotted vesicle matrix is reserpine sensitive and is necessary for storage of the BA's. Possibly biogenic amines cannot be stored or synthesized in terminals unless the matrix of the dotted vesicle is intact.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00307384
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Adrenergic innervation of cat adrenal medullaSupported by HEW Grant NS10326. (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    The @Anatomical Record 181 (1975), S. 689-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 0003-276X
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Cat adrenal medulla was studied to determine whether or not an adrenergic nerve supply was available to medullary cells. The techniques used were those of routine electron microscopy, injection and uptake of “false” transmitter substance (5-hydroxydopamine), injection of 6-hydroxydopamine, which selectively destroys postganglionic adrenergic elements and a specific cytochemical method using glutaraldehyde and heavy metal techniques for cytochemical localization of biogenic amines. Each method consistently demonstrated adrenergic fibers and terminals in the adrenal medulla; these adrenergic elements contain dense, large core and small core vesicles which are not of the “dense cored” cholinergic type. Localization of adrenergic fibers and terminals is deemed significant since the latter had the bouton en passage configuration immediately adjacent to norepinephrine cells; adrenergic elements were not seen in close relationship to epinephrine cells. Consistency of the findings from the three techniques point to the fact that the norepinephrine cells of the adrenal medulla have a dual innervation, both cholinergic and adrenergic. This type of innervation pattern is not unique for the autonomic nervous system, but it has not been reported previously for adrenal medullary cells. It is believed that such an innervation pattern has functional and pharmacologic significance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ar.1091810402
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of and observations on epinephrine and norepinephrine containing cells in the adrenal medullaThis investigation was supported by U.S.P.H.S. anatomy training grant 2G-459(C1), andrepresents in part portions of a dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty of the university of texas on march 28, 1962 as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy. (1963)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 112 (1963), S. 285-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001120302
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relationship of nucleotidase activity to catecholamine storage sites in adrenomedullary tissueThis investigation was supported by USPHS grant NB05093 and National Science Foundation grant GB2596. (1967)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    American Journal of Anatomy 121 (1967), S. 671-703 
    Details
    ISSN: 0002-9106
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tissues were either fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde and treated histochemically to demonstrate nucleotidephosphatase activity and catecholamines or in 2.5% potassium dichromate (pH 4.1) for demonstration of catecholamines. Frozen sections (10 μ) were examined with the light microscope or following the histochemical procedures 1 mm cubes of tissue were treated with 1% OsO4 and prepared for electron microscopy.Light microscopy demonstrates groups of norepinephrine cells in adrenal medullary tissue of cats and rats. Nucleotidetriphosphatase activity is found along nerve fibers, between epinephrine cells and concentrated in norepinephrine cell areas. The same is true for diphosphatase localization but with less intense activity. Nucleotidemono-phosphatase activity is located primarily at the site of norepinephrine cells.Electron microscopy shows triphosphatase activity along membranes of chromaffin cells and nerve fibers, at canaliculi and nerve terminals, and in sinusoidal cells. Diphosphatase activity is present at similar sites and shows some intracellular activity. Monophosphatase activity is present at cell membranes and intracellularly appears closely related to catecholamine storage granules. It is postulated that since nucleotides are apparently instrumental in the binding of catecholamines, nucleotidephosphatase action effects a mechanism of catecholamine release from the storage sites and permits passage through the cell membranes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aja.1001210313
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