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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copenhagen : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Applied crystallography online 24 (1991), S. 702-708 
    ISSN: 1600-5767
    Source: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: The layered structure in 2 mm thick discs injection moulded from industrial polypropylene (PP) was studied by scanning the cross section of the mouldings by means of small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS), using a Kratky collimation system for position-resolved quantitative scattering measurements in both angular domains. The registration of so-called scattering profiles of the mouldings and a texture analysis of the WAXS profiles were established as novel approaches for studying the cross-section architecture. The results of the investigations comprise statements on the preferential orientation and the local distribution of α- and β-PP in different layers of the cross sections, on crystallite sizes and on the behaviour of individual layers in tensile tests.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 663-677 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Polypropylen ; Folien ; Tempern ; Fibrillierung ; Feinstruktur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Uniaxial stretched polypropylene filmtapes were annealed under stretching tension during 20 seconds up to an annealing temperature of 210 °C. The splittability and the fibrillability were investigated as function of the annealing temperature. The splittability, measured as tearing force in transverse direction, remains constant up to 196 °C and there upon drops abruptly as a result of a transformation of the fibrillar texture into a bimodal lamellatexture, which was visualised by TEM. At this annealing temperature the crystalline orientationfunction, the crystallinity, and the long identity period pass through a distinct maximum. Compared with this the fibrillability, measured as the number of fibrilruptureends, decreases constantly away from an annealing temperature of 165 °C down to a complete disappearance. This phenomenon is explained by the diffusion of the originally irregularly in the microfibrils distributed defects to the crystallite boundaries, where they accumulate in lateral direction. For this reason the single microfibrils do not rupture anymore under tensile tension at the points of defect concentration but along the regular pattern of the uncrystallized regions. The decrease of the fibrillability correlates well with the drop of the tenacity as result of the weaker linkage of the crystallites in the longitudinal axis.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Monoaxial gereckte Folienbändchen aus Polypropylen wurden 20 Sekunden unter Streckspannung bei Temperaturen bis maximal 210 °C getempert. Es wurde die Abhängigkeit der Spleißfähigkeit und der Auffaserbarkeit von der Folientemperatur während des Temperns untersucht. Die Spleißfähigkeit, gemessen als Weiterreißkraft quer zur Streckrichtung, ändert sich bis 196 °C nicht und nimmt dann infolge einer Umwandlung der Fibrillentextur in eine bimodale Lamellentextur schlagartig ab. Bei dieser Temperatur durchlaufen die kristalline Orientierungsfunktion, die Kristallinität und die Langperiode ein ausgeprägtes Maximum. Die Auffaserbarkeit, gemessen als Anzahl der Faserrißenden, nimmt dagegen schon ab 165 °C stetig ab und verschwindet letztlich vollständig. Dieser Vorgang wird auf eine Diffusion der vorher in den Mikrofibrillen regellos verteilten Störstellen zu den Grenzflächen der kristallinen Bereiche zurückgeführt. Bei einer schockartigen Zugbelastung der Folie reißen die einzelnen Mikrofibrillen daher nicht mehr an Stellen hoher Fehlstellenkonzentration, wodurch Faserenden differierender Länge entstehen, sondern auf Bahnen quer zur Streckrichtung, welche durch die regelmäßige Anordnung der nichtkristallisierten Bereiche vorgezeichnet sind. Die Abnahme der Auffaserbarkeit korreliert mit einem Abfall der Reißfestigkeit als Ergebnis der schwächeren Koppelung der Kristallite in Streckrichtung.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 260 (1982), S. 205-211 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Röntgenkleinwinkel ; Polyacrylnitril ; Fasern ; Hohlraumsystem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Measurements of the equatorial X-ray small-angle scattering are reported for 9 polyacrylnitrile fibers. They are evaluated according to Porod's theory. Data on void fraction and inner surface are obtained. With several samples, a Gumier-evaluation of the inner portion is possible, agreement is satisfactory. An attempt is made to interpret the results obtained with the help of a cyhndric model.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Von 9 Polyacrylnitril-Fasern wird die diffuse äquatoriale Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung gemessen und nach der Porod'schen Theorie ausgewertet, wobei Daten über den Hohlraumteil und die innere Oberfläche erhalten werden. Bei einigen Proben ist auch eine Guinier-Auswertung des Innenteils möglich; die Übereinstimmung ist gut. Es wird versucht, die Meßresultate anhand eines Zylindermodells zu interpretieren.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 271 (1993), S. 460-468 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Keywords: Regenerated cellulose fibres ; swollen state ; crystallite orientation ; amorphous orientation ; fibrillar structure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The conditioned and wet tensile strength resp. modulus of solvent-spun and viscose-type cellulose fibres was correlated with their crystallite and amorphous orientation factor. It was found that the extrapolation of these tensile properties to the maximum degree of orientation results in identical values of the tensile strength resp. modulus in the conditioned and water swollen state. Proportional to a decreasing orientation factor the loss of strength and modulus by swelling increases. Additionally, a positive correlation was found between the wet tensile strength resp. modulus and the intensity of the interference of the equatorial small-angle x-ray scattering measured in the swollen state. This interference is caused by the elementary fibrils. The intensity of this interference is a measure for the fibrillar character of the swollen fibre structure. The fibrillability of the fibres suspended in water correlates positively with the crystallite orientation factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The development of new methods of spinning cellulosic fibers requires a better understanding of their fibrillar structure in order to explain their special physical properties. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), light microscopy (LM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) it is shown that six different kinds of regenerated cellulosic fibers consist of uniform elementary fibrils composed of cellulose-II crystals. Systematic distinctions between these fiber types are found with regard to the aggregation of the elementary fibrils to nonswelling bundles or clusters. The clusters differ from each other in diameter, length, and frequency of occurrence.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the enzymatic hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose fibers before and after acid prehydrolysis has been investigated. This pretreatment changes the kinetics from a monophasic to a biphasic first order reaction. Prolonged acid prehydrolysis increases the proportion of the enzymatically easily hydrolyzable cellulose form. The kinetics were correlated with corresponding changes of the degree of polymerization, crystallinity and crystallite size.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: During annealing of unaxially stretched polypropylene films under stretching tension above 195°C a second crystallite population will be formed, the c-axis of which is oriented perpendicular to the stretching direction. The equatorial SAXS of these films shows interference maxima or lateral periods, the intensities of which correlate with the corresponding diffraction intensities of the second crystallite population. Below 195°C the equatorial interference maxima were related to the interfibrillar pores. From this measurements a mechanism for the formation of the bimodal crystal texture is derived.
    Notes: Beim Tempern monoaxial gereckter Polypropylenfolien unter Reckspannung oberhalb 195°C entsteht eine zweite Kristallitpopulation, deren c-Achse senkrecht zur Reckrichtung orientiert ist. Die äquatoriale Röntgenkleinwinkelstreuung dieser Folien zeigt Interferenzmaxima bzw. laterale Perioden, deren Intensitäten mit den entsprechenden Beugungsintensitäten der zweiten Kristallitpopulation korrelieren. Unterhalb von 195°C stehen die äquatorialen Interferenzmaxima in Beziehung zu den interfibrillaren Hohlräumen. Aus den Messungen wird ein Mechanismus zur Entstehung der bimodalen Feinstruktur abgeleitet.
    Additional Material: 18 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Acta Polymerica 43 (1992), S. 307-312 
    ISSN: 0323-7648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Die Auswertung der Langperioden und Kristallitlängen originaler sowie vorbehandelter, lösungsersponnener Cellulosefasern ergab, daß diese in Richtung der Faserachse zu ca. 90% aus kristalliner Cellulose bestehen. Bei hochnaßfesten Viskosefasern beträgt dieser Anteil nur 50-60%. Die Intensität der Langperiode der lösungsersponnenen Fasern ist niedriger als die der hochnaßfesten Viskosefasern entsprechend einer geringeren Differenz zwischen ihrem kristallinen und amorphen Orientierungsfaktor. Zwischen dieser Differenz und der Langperioden-Intensität besteht eine signifikante Korrelation.
    Notes: The evaluation of the long periods and crystallite lengths of original and pretreated solvent spun cellulose fibres revealed that they consist of about 90% crystalline cellulose in the direction of the fibre axis. In the case of high wet modulus viscose fibres this percentage is only 50-60%. The intensity of the long period of solvent spun fibres is lower than that of the high wet modulus viscose fibres corresponding to a smaller difference between their crystalline and amorphous orientation factors. There is existing a significant correlation between this difference and the intensity of the long period.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 0360-6376
    Keywords: Physics ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: SAXS measurements on dilute solutions of polyisobutene in n-hexane (Mν = 25,600-3.55 × 106, c 〈 53 g/liter) were carried out by combining conventional slit collimation with the new cone collimation technique. With a fractionated sample (Mν = 25,600; U 〈 0.2) the radius of gyration (R = 48 Å), the cross-sectional radius of gyration (Rq = 3.9 Å), the molecular weight per unit length (M/L = 22.8 Å-1), and the Porod persistence length (a* = 8.1 Å) are found. The persistence length appears to be dependent on the molecular weight. The partial specific volume ν of polyisobutene in n-hexane also depends on the molecular weight according to ν = 1.025 + 105/Mν (cm3/g).
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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