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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gamma-ray irradiation canal polymerization conditions ensuring highly stereoregular (〉80%) polyacrylonitrile (1992)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Macromolecules 25 (1992), S. 503-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5835
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00028a001
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dip-coating conditions and modifications of lead titanate and lead zirconate titanate films (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 3950-3955 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract The modifications of dip-coated lead titanate (PT) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films strongly depend on the film thickness and the substrate in addition to the heat-treatment temperature. At 500 to 600 ° C, metastable paraelectric pyrochlore grew on glass plates (amorphous plates) when the thickness of the coated films produced by one coating cycle was below 100 nm, while ferroelectric perovskite formed on crystalline substrates or when thick films were coated on amorphous plates. This tendency is discussed in terms of an inhomogeneous reaction and the epitaxial effect. The perovskite PT films coated on single-crystal SrTiO3 plate at 700 ° C were strongly oriented to thec-axis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582465
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dip coating of PT, PZ and PZT films using an alkoxide-diethanolamine method (1990)
    Springer
    Journal of materials science 25 (1990), S. 3960-3964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4803
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Dip-coating of uniform PT, PZ and PZT films was investigated using a solution of titanium tetraisopropoxide (and/or zirconiumn-butoxide), diethanolamine, lead acetate trihydrate and isopropanol, where the diethanolamine/alkoxide molar ratioR = 1 and the water/alkoxide molar ratioW = 3. Perovskite-type PT and PZT films were obtained on glass substrates above 500 to 600 ° C when the solutions with concentrations equal to or higher than 0.4 M were used as the dip solution. The resistivity of the films formed was larger than 108 Ωcm when they were fired around 600 ° C. The dielectric constants (dielectric loss tangents) were found to be 264 (0.03) for PT, 214 (0.05) for PZT and 158 (0.02) for PZ.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00582467
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Molecular weight characteristics of tetrafluoroethylene-propylene copolymer produced by radiation-induced emulsion copolymerization (1978)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 22 (1978), S. 2653-2660 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The alternating copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and propylene produced in emulsion polymerization by radiation and by chemical initiators were fractionated and the fine structure of the molecules was examined. The correlation between M̄n and [η] was obtained as \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\left[\eta \right]=3.97\times 10^{-4} \bar{M}_n 0.639$\end{document} for the fractionated samples. The molecular structure of the copolymers was not a complicated one, such as long-chain branching. There was no difference in molecular weight distribution and molecular structure between these copolymers. 19F NMR measurements showed that the copolymer by radiation had a large degree of the irregularity of alternation in the sequence than that by the chemical method; the irregularity increased with increasing molecular weight in the fractionated samples. The fluorine content in the fractionated samples determined with an fluoride ion-sensitive electrode was of similar tendency as that in the results of 19F NMR.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1978.070220920
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene in a pilot plant. II. Development of wet-wall process (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 865-882 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene using tert-butyl alcohol aqueous solution as a medium was carried out in a pilot plant with 10 liter reactor at pressures of 100 to 400 kg/cm2, ethylene feed rates of 1.2 to 11.8 kg/hr, medium feed rates of 0 to 100 liter/hr, dose rates of 0.6 × 105 to 1.4 × 105 rad/hr, and at room temperature. The space-time yield and molecular weight of polymer were in the range of 1.2 to 16.7 g/liter hr and 6 × 103 to 2 × 105, respectively. The space-time yield and molecular weight increased with pressure and mean residence time. The space-time yield was the maximum at an ethylene molar fraction of 0.5. The produced polymer was continuously taken out from the high-pressure system as a slurry. The amount of deposited polymer to the reactor wall was markedly decreased, and five full days continuous operation was successfully performed with the space-time yield of 13.5 g/liter hr.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240321
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene in pilot plant. IV. Kinetic analysis (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 277-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The kinetics of the radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene in a flow system using tert-butyl alcohol aqueous solution as a medium were studied. The polymerization was carried out in a large-scale pilot plant with a 50-liter central source-type reactor at various mean residence times and does rates under constant pressure of 300 kg/cm2, temperature of 30°C, and ethylene molar fraction of ca. 0.4. The reaction mixture in the reactor was back-mixed flow from the residual polymer concentration in the reactor. The results of the polymerization were analyzed by kinetic treatment based on a reaction mechanism with both first-and second-order terminations for the propagating radical. The apparent rate constants, except for that of second-order termination (kt2), were consistent with those determined by small-scale batch experiments. The kt2 is 20 to 40 times larger than that in the batch experiments. The kt2 increases with decrease in mean residence time and with agitation, probably because of mobility of the propagating radical.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250212
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced sulfoxidation and sulfochlorination of powdery polyethylene produced by radiation process (1971)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 15 (1971), S. 257-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Gamma radiation-induced sulfoxidation and sulfochlorination of the high specific surface area powdery polyethylene which was produced by radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene at room temperature were studied and were compared with sulfonation by fuming sulfuric acid. In these reactions the effect of surface area on the chemical reactivity was observed to a certain degree. In gamma radiation-induced sulfochlorination, it was elucidated that as the reaction proceeds, the ratio of —SO2Cl to —Cl introduced into the polymer decreases, which can be explained by the difference between the diffusibilities of SO2 and Cl2 molecules through sulfochlorinated and/or chlorinated polyethylene. Crystallinity, melting temperature, and density of the sulfochlorinated polymers were measured and are discussed.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1971.070150201
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physical state of radiation-polymerized polyethylene blends (1975)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 19 (1975), S. 1959-1969 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The physical state of the blends of radiation-polymerized polyethylene with high-density polyethylene was studied. Only one peak was observed in DSC heating curves of the blends quenched from the melt regardless of the each polymer content. In addition, transparency of the high-density polyethylene was improved by melt blending with radiation-polymerized polyethylene. This is a characteristic of high-density polyethylene and radiation-polymerized polyethylene blends different from high-density and low-density polyethylene blends. A new peak and/or a new shoulder, however, appeared in DSC heating curves of the blends with heat treatment at 110°, 120°, and 125°C. These results suggest that the physical state of the blends quenched from the melt is one where the crystallization of the radiation-polymerized polyethylene is high hindered by the presence of high-density polyethylene. The radiation-polymerized polyethylene may remain mainly in a physical state similar to the melt. The haze value of the blends increased with heat treatment. The increase in the haze is caused by change in physical states, such as growth of spherulites and formation of microcrystals and microvoids, by the heat treatment.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1975.070190716
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene in pilot plant. V. Molecular weight distribution of polyethylene (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 25 (1980), S. 1633-1638 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: The molecular weight distribution of the polyethylene produced by radiation in a large-scale pilot plant at pressures of 105-395 kg/cm2 and temperatures of 30-80°C was determined by gel permeation chromatography and discussed in connection with the polymerization conditions. The bimodal molecular weight distribution was observed in most of polymers. The number-average molecular weight at two peaks are 104, and 105, respectively. The fraction of the peak at higher molecular weight increased with pressure and mean residence time, and with decreasing dose rate and temperature. The distribution was unimodal in the early stage of the operation and became bimodal, remaining unchanged in the later stage. The distribution also changed from bimodal to unimodal with rising temperature. These results were consistent with those in static batch experiments and well explained by the polymerization scheme assuming two physical states to be different in polymer mobility.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1980.070250810
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation-induced polymerization of ethylene in a pilot plant. I. Bulk process (1979)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Applied Polymer Science 24 (1979), S. 853-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 0021-8995
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Notes: Radiation-induced bulk polymerization of ethylene was carried out with use of a pilot plant with a 10 liter reactor at pressures of 225-400 kg/cm2, temperatures of 30-95°C, ethylene feed rates of 5-28 kg/hr, and dose rate of 3.8 × 105 rad/hr. Characteristics of the process are mild polymerization conditions and capability of producing medium density polyethylene in powder form. The spacetime yield and molecular weight of polymer were in the range of 3.5 to 13.1 g/liter hr and 2.2 × 104 to 14 × 104, respectively. The space-time yield increased with mean residence time and 2.4 powders of pressure, and decreased with temperature. Molecular weight changed similarly with the reaction conditions. These results were consistent with those of the bench plant experiment and the scale effect was small. Polymer deposit to the reactor wall limited a period of continuous operation of the plant. The amount of deposited polymer was increased with the square of reaction time. The rate of polymer deposit was proportional to polymer concentration and to the cube of pressure. The polymer deposit cannot be solved in the bulk process.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1979.070240320
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