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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Worldwide epidemiology and modes of transmission of delta hepatitis (1987)
    Springer
    Infection 15 (1987), S. 85-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Conclusions Since the discovery of HDV in 1977 byRizzetto and collegues (10), several studies regarding the pathogenesis, natural history and epidemiology of this infection have been accumulated. It emerges that HDV is an agent with unusual biologic properties which requires HBV replication for its expression. Given the obligatory association between HDV and HBV, transmission of HDV follows the same routes of HBV transmission. This implies that one expects HDV infection to be much more prevalent in countries with high HBsAg carrier rates. This is true in most areas of the world but not in Far East Asia. Endemicity of HDV is maintained in the community through the network of HBsAg carriers. HDV can be transmitted to HBV positive and negative individuals, but survives only after encountering the carrier. Recent outbreaks of severe epidemics of fulminant hepatitis due to HDV among the Yucpa Indians in Northern Venezuela, pointed out very clearly that HDV superinfection is an ominous risk for all populations where HBV is endemic.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01650202
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radioimmunoassay in the detection of the hepatitis B e antigen/antibody system in asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (1979)
    Springer
    Infection 7 (1979), S. 279-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Ein Radioimmunoassay für das Hepatitis „e“ Antigen (HBeAg) wurde entwickelt und Seren von 71 asymptomatischen Trägern von Hepatitis-B-Oberflächen-Antigen (HBsAg) wurden untersucht; bei 44 von ihnen wurden Leberbiopsien entnommen. Zusätzlich wurden bei allen Seren der Test auf Dane-Partikel-assoziierte DNS-Polymerase-Aktivität durchgeführt. HBeAg wurde bei 14 Patienten (19,7%) entdeckt, anti-HBe bei 46 (64,8%). Der größte Anteil HBeAg-positiver Seren (40%) fand sich bei Trägern mit den histologischen Zeichen der chronischen Hepatitis, während anti-HBe bei 80% der Träger mit normaler Leberhistologie vorhanden war, bei 58% der Träger mit unspezifischer reaktiver Hepatitis und bei 60% der Träger mit chronischem Leberschaden. Die DNS-Polymerase-Aktivität war bei 92,8% der HBeAg-positiven Seren vorhanden, bei 13% der anti-HBe-positiven und bei 9% der bezüglich beider Marker negativen Seren. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, daß nicht alle HBsAg-Träger, die HBeAg-reaktiv sind, Zeichen einer chronischen Hepatitis aufweisen und daß umgekehrt auch nicht anti-HBe ausnahmslos mit dem gesunden Träger-Status von HBsAg assoziiert ist. Schließlich können, wie durch die Anwesenheit von spezifischer Serum-DNS-Polymerase-Aktivität gezeigt wurde, zirkulierende Dane-Partikel auch in anderen anti-HBe-positiven Seren vorhanden sein als in denjenigen einiger HBsAg-Carrier, bei denen sowohl HBeAg als auch anti-HBe fehlen.
    Notes: Summary A radioimmunoassay for hepatitis e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to e (anti-HBe) was developed and sera of 71 asymptomatic chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), in 44 of whom liver biopsy was obtained, were tested. In addition, testing for Dane particle associated DNA polymerase activity was performed in all sera. HBeAg was detected in 14 subjects (19.7%) and anti-HBe in 46 (64.8%). The highest proportion of HBeAg positivity (40%) was found among carriers with histological evidence of chronic hepatitis, whereas anti-HBe was present in 80% of carriers with normal liver histology, in 58% of carriers with nonspecific reactive hepatitis and in 60% of carriers with chronic liver lesions. DNA polymerase activity was present in 92.8% of sera positive for HBeAg, in 13% of sera positive for anti-HBe, and in 9% of sera negative for both markers. Our results demonstrate that not all HBsAg carriers reactive to HBeAg show evidence of chronic hepatitis nor, conversely, that anti-HBe is invariably associated with the healthy carrier state of HBsAg. Finally, circulating Dane particles, as revealed by the presence of serum specific DNA polymerase activity, may also be present in anti-HBe positive sera other than those of some HBsAg carriers lacking both HBeAg and anti-HBe.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01642149
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decline in anti-HAV prevalence in the Milan area between 1958 and 1992 (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 10 (1994), S. 633-635 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Anti-HAV ; Hepatitis A ; Seroepidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have compared the prevalence of antibody to HAV in sera collected from healthy individuals of Milan in 1958, 1977 and 1992 respectively. The results show a dramatic reduction of HAV circulation likely due to the considerable improvement of socioeconomic and hygienic living conditions which have occurred in Italy during the last decades.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719584
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    HTLV-II among Italian intravenous drug users and hemophiliacs (1992)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 8 (1992), S. 702-707 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Epidemiology ; HIV ; HTLV-I/II ; Intravenous Drug Users ; RIPA ; Western Blot
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The seroprevalence of HTLV-I/II was evaluated in 1247 Italian individuals at high risk for HIV infection. The population studied consisted of 985 intravenous drug users (IVDUs), 474 of whom on methadone maintenance and 511 in a therapeutic community, 110 HIV-infected patients in various stages of HIV-related disease and 152 hemophiliacs. Sera were screened for antibody to HTLV-I/II by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and confirmed by Western blot and radioinununoprecipitation assay. Confirmed positive samples were further differentiated by EIA using HTLV-I and HTLV-II specific peptides. The overall prevalence of anti-HTLV-I/II was 4.0% in IVDUs, with the highest prevalence (8.2%) among HIV-infected symptomatic patients. None of the hemophiliacs was antiHTLV-I/II positive, even though 63.1% tested positive for HIV antibodies. The trend of seroprevalence in drug users and the evaluation of possible risk factors demonstrated that HTLV-I/II infection has been present in Italy before the onset of HIV epidemic. The overall seroprevalence showed no significant changes during the 10 year period covered by this survey but correlated with HIV seropositivity, age and duration of drug use. Peptide testing showed that HTLV infection was mainly due to HTLV-II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00145387
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low prevalence of anti-HCV antibody among Italian children (1994)
    Springer
    Infection 22 (1994), S. 350-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0973
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei 2.749 Kindern und Jugendlichen (1.438 Jungen und 1.311 Mädchen), die in Italien leben, wurde eine Studie zur Seroprävalenz der anti-HCV Antikörper durchgeführt. Bei zehn der Getesteten (0,36%) fand sich mit EIA und RIBA ein positiver Befund. Die Rate an positiven Fällen nahm mit dem Alter zu von 0 bei Kindern unter 6 Jahren auf 0,8% bei den 17–19jährigen (Chi2 lineare Regression=0,038). In den nordöstlichen Regionen and Apulien lag die anti-HCV Seroprävalenz bei 0,2%, in Sizilien und Sardinien bei 0,6% (p〉0,005). Zwischen Mädchen und Jungen fand sich kein Unterschied (0,35%, 95% CI: 0,04–0,66 bei Jungen und 0,38%, 95% CI: 0,04–0,66; Fisher's exakter Test 0,565). Aus diesen Daten läßt sich ableiten, daß die HCV-Infektion in der Kindheit in Italien ein seltenes Ereignis ist.
    Notes: Summary The seroprevalence of anti-HCV antibody was studied among 2,749 children and teenagers (1,438 males and 1,311 females) living in Italy. Anti-HCV antibody testing was positive by both EIA and RIBA in ten (0.36%) subjects. The positivity rate increased with age, ranging from 0 among children less than 6 years of age to 0.8% among those aged 17–19 years x2 linear regression=0.038). Anti-HCV prevalence ranged from 0.2% in northeastern regions and in Apulia to 0.6% in Sicily and Sardinia (p〉0.005), and no difference was seen between males (0.35%, C.I. 95%: 0.04–0.66) and females (0.38%, C.I. 95%:0.04–0.66) (Fisher's exact test=0.565). From these data it appears that in Italy HCV infection is an uncommon event during childhood.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01715545
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