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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Solid state phenomena Vol. 138 (Mar. 2008), p. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1662-9779
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Three types of corrosion attack frequently suffered by type Cr18Ni10 stainless steel in theheat-affected zone of welds were studied – knife-line, fusion-line, and fissure corrosion. Possiblemechanisms and selected preventative measures were discussed in the light of microstructuralfindings
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1436-5073
    Keywords: Cr-Ni steel ; impurity ; segregation ; Auger electron spectroscopy ; grain boundary
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on an AES study of grain boundary segregation in five kinds of Cr-Ni corrosion-resistant steels and alloys with different Ni contents that were enriched by As, Sb or Bi. The results show that all mentioned impurities segregate to the grain boundaries and that the segregation level depends on the type of the impurity. The highest amount of segregant atoms was found in the case of Bi, while it appeared to be substantially lower for As and Sb. The segregation level of each impurity grows also with the Ni content. This increase is more pronounced for Bi and Sb than for As. In particular the results demonstrate that the enrichment of grain boundaries by a given impurity is strongly connected to the solubility of this element in the matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. ; Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland
    Key engineering materials Vol. 261-263 (Apr. 2004), p. 855-864 
    ISSN: 1013-9826
    Source: Scientific.Net: Materials Science & Technology / Trans Tech Publications Archiv 1984-2008
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: The EPR test, designed to examine of the susceptibility to nonuniform, primarily intergranular corrosion, ranks among the more successful testing technique developments relating to stainless steels and alloys. One of its numerous advantages is that it lends itself to non-destructive, on-site examination. EPR enjoyed wide expansion over the years since first conceived by Čihal in 1969. Recent EPR measurements tend to focus on (1) double and/or single loop EPR as a modern technique used to establish the resistance of stainless steels andalloys to intergranular corrosion; (2) detecting integranular corrosion (IGC) and intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) susceptibility in alloy steels and nickel alloys for nuclear engineering applications; and (3) studies of grain boundary precipitation and other minute local changes to alloy composition and structure
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Czechoslovak journal of physics 10 (1960), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1572-9486
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 18 (1967), S. 1027-1032 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Diagnosis of case histories from a synthesis gas saturation columnThe saturation column, made of steel type 1Cr18Ni9Ti (wall thickness: 8 mm), in which the gas is cooled down to 240°C by a water jet and, simultaneously saturated with water vapour, failed after only 3000 hours' operation; the failure was attributable to a damaged footing tube. An analysis of the damaged parts suggested, that the main cause of the failure was not the design of the equidistant shells, i. e. the welding connection between the tubes and the two shells, which had originally been assumed to be faulty, but in a first line the material selection which was wrong in view of possible corrosion. The tensile stresses resulting from the rigid connection of the footing pipes are but one of the factors contributing to the development of stress corrosion cracking.This opinion concerning the reason of the first failure was confirmed when another failure occurred after another 1000 hours' operation of the column: a thorough inspection revealed some spots where stress corrosion cracking bad developed.
    Notes: Die aus Stahl der Type 1Cr18Ni9Ti (8 mm Wanddicke) gefertigte Saturations-kolonne, in der das Gas durch Wassereinspritzen auf 240° abgekühlt und gleichzeitig mit Wasserdampf gesättigt wird, wies erst nach 3000 Betriebsstunden infolge Standröhrenbeschädigung eine Störung auf. Durch eine Analyse der beschädigten Teile kam man zu der Ansicht, daß die Hauptursache der Beschädigung nicht in der ursprünglich als falsch angesehenen Ausführung der äquidistanten Mäntel liege, d. h. im Zusammenschweißen der Röhren mit beiden Mänteln, sondern vor allem auf eine ungeeignete Materialauswahl in Bezug auf die Korrosionsbedingungen zurückzuführen sei. Die durch die feste Verbindung der Standröhren hervorgerufenen Zugspannungen stellen nur einen der Faktoren dar, die sich an der Entstehung der Spannungsrißkorrosion beteiligen.Diese Beurteilung der Ursache der ersten Beschädigung wurde bei einer zweiten Störung nach weiteren 1000 h an der in Betrieb stehenden Kolonne bestätigt, denn es wurden bei einer gründlichen Besichtigung einige Störstellen aufgefunden, die Spannungskorrosionsrisse aufwiesen.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 13 (1962), S. 1-11 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion problems with gas or water cooled reactorsThis contribution deals with the corrosion problems encountered in heterogeneous nuclear reactors cooled by carbon dioxide or water. While in service, the heat exchange medium undergoes a number of changes which are analyzed, and serve as a basis of a discussion of the corrosion conditions.The materials at present mainly used for the compressed carbon dioxide medium are magnesium alloys, beryllium alloys, and alloyed steels. The conventional magnesium alloys of the Magnox type can only be used with temperatures up t o 430-460°C. For higher temperatures, it is necessary to use beryllium, or possibly corrosion-resistant steels. Adequate resistance in water at 300° c is shown by aluminium-nickel alloys, and by zirconium alloy of the Zircaloy and Ozhenit type which, in contrast to the non-alloyed metals, are not attacked by catastrophic corrosion. In water up to a temperature of 360° C, anti-corrosive austenitic steels have been found to be very satisfactory.
    Notes: In dieser Abhandlung wurde die Korrosionsproblematik in heterogenen, durch Kohlendioxyd oder Wasser gekühlten Kernreaktoren zusammengefaßt. Im Laufe des Betriebes erfährt das Wärmeaustauschmittel verschiedene Veränderungen; auf Grund deren Analyse werden die Korrosionsbedingungen beschrieben.Als Konstruktionswerkstoffe für das Milieu des Druckkohlendioxyds werden zur Zeit überwiegend Legierungen von Magnesium, Beryllium und legierte Stähle benutzt. Mit den klassischen Magnesium-legierungen des Types Magnox kann nur bis zu Temperaturen van 430 bis 460° C gerechnet werden. Für höhere Temperaturen müssen Beryllium, eventuell korrosionsfeste Stähle benutzt werden. Genügende Beständigkeit im Wasser bei 300° C zeigen Legierungen von Aluminium mit Nickel Legierungen von Zirkonium des Types Zircaloy und Ozhenit, die im Vergleich mit dem nichtlegierten Metall der katastrophalen Korrosion nicht unterliegen. Sehr gut bewähren sich im Wasser bis zu einer Temperatur von 360° C austenitische antikorrosive Stähle.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 37 (1986), S. 587-591 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Fortschritte in der potentiodynamischen ReaktivierungsmethodeDie Arbeit beschreibt die frühen Entwicklungsphasen der elektrochemisch-potentiodynamischen Reaktivierungsmethode (EPR) zum Messen des Sensibilisierungsgrades oder von Strukturumwandlung bei nichtrostenden Stählen.Mit dem Reaktivierungsverfahren, ausgehend vom vollständigen Passivbereich, kann man die Neigung des betreffenden Stahltyps zu interkristalliner Korrosion bestimmen. Das Meßverfahren mit der Reaktivierung vom unvollständigen Passivbereich zeigt örtliche Veränderungen in der chemischen Zusammensetzung als Folge von Phasenumwandlungen an.
    Notes: The paper briefly describes the early phases of the development in the electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation method - EPR - for measuring the degree of sensitization or structural transformation in stainless steels.By using the reactivation procedure from the full passivity region one can assess the tendency of the respective type of steel for intercrystalline corrosion. The process of measuring using reactivation from the incomplete passivity region indicates local changes in chemical composition in relation with the phase transformation.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 9 (1958), S. 513-514 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Steels for Synthesis Gas and for HydrogenThe resistance of steel against corrosion by hydrogen depends above all on the stability of iron carbides. By means of theoretical conceptions on the influences of the alloy constituents on the properties of the steels, on the carbon linkage in steels and its stability at high temperatures a number of tungsten-titanium steels were investigated. A steel containing maximal 0,12 pct. of carbon, 0,4-0,6 pct. of titanium and 3-6 pct. of tungsten is recommended for use in synthesis gas and hydrogen atmospheres.
    Notes: Die Beständigkeit des Stahls gegen Korrosion durch Wasserstoff hängt vor allem mit der Stabilität der Eisencarbide zusammen. Auf Grund der theoretischen Annahmen über den Einfluß der Legierungselemente auf die Eigenschaften der Stäble hinsichtlich der Kohlenstoffbindung im Stabl und der Festigkeit bei höheren Temperaturen wurde eine Reihe von Wolfram-Titan-Stählen vorgeschlagen. Für ein Medium aus Synthesegas und Wassestoff werden von den entwickelten Stählen insbesonders die mit der Zusammensetzung (%) 0,12 max. C, 0,4 bis 0,8 Ti und 3 bis 6 W empfohlen.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 43 (1992), S. 532-537 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Über die Beständigkeit von Duplexstahl gegen SpannungsrißkorrosionDie vorliegende Arbeit enthält die Ergebnisse von Versuchen zur Spannungsrißkorrosion des nichtrostenden Duplexstahls 02Cr22Ni5Mo3N (W.Nr. 1.4462), der gegen interkristalline Korrosion hoch beständig ist, während seine Widerstandsfähigkeit gegen Spannungsrißkorrosion durch Temperatur und Art der Belastung beeinflußt werden kann. Dieses Verhalten erfordert besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Das Versuchsprogramm umfaßte die Prüfung in 35% iger MgCl2-Lösung unter konstanter Belastung bei 120°C, den Tropfenverdampfungsversuch mit 0,1 mol · 1-1 NaCl-Lösung und die Prüfung mit langsamer Dehnung.
    Notes: The paper gives the results of tests carried out into the stress corrosion cracking in duplex stainless steel (Type 02Cr22Ni5Mo3N, W.Nr. 1.4462); this grade is characterized by high resistance to intergranular corrosion, while resistance to stress corrosion cracking may be impaired by temperature and mode of loading. This behaviour requires special attention. The tests included testing in 35% MgCl2 solution under constant load at 120°C, the drop evaporation test using a 0.1 mol · 1- NaCl solution and the slow strain rate test in 35% MgCl2 solution at 120°C.
    Additional Material: 4 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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