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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotypic variation for tolerance to phosphorus deficiency in rice and the potential for its exploitation in rice improvement (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Plant breeding 120 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1439-0523
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Deficiency in phosphorus (P) can severely limit rice yields. Developing cultivars with tolerance to P deficiency may represent a more sustainable solution than sole reliance on fertilizer application. To assess genotypic variation for tolerance to P deficiency the P uptake of 30 genotypes was measured on P-deficient soil. Variation for P uptake was high, ranging from 0.6 to 12.9 mg P/plant. Traditional varieties were superior to modern varieties. A major quantitative trait locus for P uptake had previously been identified in a population developed by crossing the modern variety ‘Nipponbare’ with the P deficiency-tolerant landrace ‘Kasalath’. This quantitative trait locus was transferred to ‘Nipponbare’ by three backcrosses. Under P deficiency this improved line surpassed ‘Nipponbare’ in P uptake by 170% and in grain yield by 250%. These results show that the genotypic variation for tolerance to P deficiency in rice can be used successfully in rice improvement. By combining high P uptake of the donor variety ‘Kasalath’ with a high harvest-index characteristic of modern varieties it was possible to more than triple the grain yield of ‘Nipponbare’ under P deficiency.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00561.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mapping of QTLs for phosphorus-deficiency tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied genetics 97 (1998), S. 777-783 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Key words Rice ; QTL ; Phosphorus ; Use efficiency ; Deficiency tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  Phosphorus (P) deficiency of soils is a major yield-limiting factor in rice production. Increasing the P-deficiency tolerance of rice cultivars may represent a more cost-effective solution than relying on fertilizer application. The objective of this study was to identify putative QTLs for P-deficiency tolerance in rice, using 98 backcross inbred lines derived from a japonica×indica cross and genotyped at 245 RFLP marker loci. Lines were grown on P-deficient soil and P uptake, internal P-use efficiency, dry weight, and tiller number were determined. Three QTLs were identified for dry weight and four QTLs for P uptake, together explaining 45.4% and 54.5% of the variation for the respective traits. Peaks for both traits were in good agreement which was to be expected considering the tight correlation of r=0.96 between dry weight and P uptake. For both traits the QTL linked to marker C443 on chromosome 12 had a major effect. Two of the three QTLs detected for internal P-use efficiency, including the major one on chromosome 12, coincided with QTLs for P uptake; however, whereas indica alleles increased P uptake they reduced P-use efficiency. We concluded that this was not due to the tight linkage of two genes in repulsion but rather due to an indirect effect of P uptake on P-use efficiency. Most lines with high use efficiency were characterized by very low P uptake and dry weight and apparently experienced extreme P-deficiency stress. Their higher P-use efficiency was thus the result of highly sub-optimal tissue-P concentrations and did not represent a positive adaptation to low P availability. The number of tillers produced under P deficiency is viewed as an indirect indicator of P-deficiency tolerance in rice. In addition to the major QTL on chromosome 12 already identified for all other traits, two QTLs on chromosome 4 and 12 were identified for tiller number. Their position, however, coincided with QTLs for tiller number reported elsewhere under P-sufficient conditions and therefore appear to be not related to P-deficiency tolerance. In this study P-deficiency tolerance was mainly caused by differences in P uptake and not in P-use efficiency. Using a trait indirectly related to P-deficiency tolerance such as tiller number, we detected a major QTL but none of the minor QTLs detected for P uptake or dry weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001220050955
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of cell wall of groundnut roots in solubilizing sparingly soluble phosphorus in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 186 (1996), S. 197-204 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell-wall ; groundnut ; P acquisition ; P solubilization ; phosphorus ; sorghum ; soybean ; strengite
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Groundnut showed a superior ability to take up P from a soil with low P fertility compared with sorghum and soybean. This ability was not related to its better root development or production of root exudates capable of solubilizing iron-and aluminum-bound P. In efforts to determine the role of roots per se, we found that root cell walls from groundnut showed a higher P-solubilizing activity than those from soybean or sorghum. This finding corresponds well with observations in field and pot experiments using a soil with low P availability. The reaction site of P-solubilizing activity is stable against heating and enzyme digestion by cellulase and pectinase. This is probably the first evidence to demonstrate that cell walls of plant roots are involved in P-solubilizing activity. ei]Section editor: H Marschner (deceased 21 September 1996)
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02415514
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genotypic variation for phosphorus uptake from hardly soluble iron- phosphate in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 206 (1998), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: gynophore ; peanut ; phosphorus deficiency ; phosphorus uptake rate ; root efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was aimed at assessing genotypic variation for phosphorus (P) uptake from Fe–P in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Of twenty genotypes evaluated in an initial screening experiment, three were chosen for further studies to investigate potential mechanisms responsible for the observed differences in P uptake. Wasedairyu (high uptake) and Kintoki and ICGV 87358 (low uptake) were grown in 2-1 pots on Vermiculite–Fe–P and sampled after 50, 85 and 115 days. Wasedairyu was superior in P uptake and had an 8 fold higher number of pods. Genotypic variation in pod number was apparent before genotypic variation for P uptake was detected, which showed that pod number and P uptake are independent aspects of tolerance to P- deficiency. Wasedairyu was either able to efficiently translocate P to flowers and developing fruits or tolerated low P concentrations better than other genotypes. After day 85 daily uptake rates increased 4-fold in Kintoki and 12-fold in Wasedairyu but remained low in ICGV 87358. Because P uptake increased only after pod setting and because differences in root development failed to explain the observed changes in P uptake, we concluded that genotypic differences in P uptake were due to direct P uptake of fruiting organs. By having 16 pods, Wasedairyu was able to obtain a greater amount of P directly through fruiting organs than genotypes with only one or two pods. Gynophores (pegs) of Wasedairyu were furthermore characterized by being densely covered with root hair like outgrows that could have increased P uptake by increasing the surface area in contact with the soil. Hairs were detected in lesser number on pegs of Kintoki but ICGV 87358, as the genotype without an increase in P uptake rates during pod filling, completely lacked any hair development. These results suggest that genotypic variation for uptake of Fe–P exists and that direct P uptake through fruiting organs, as facilitated by the presence of root hair like outgrows on the pegs of some genotypes, contributes to this variation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004381105771
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Loss of nitrate nitrogen in the soil surface layer in Japanese grassland during the heavy rainfall season and its enhancement by the root mat (1980)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Chloride ; Grassland ; Leaching ; Nitrate ; N loss ; Root mat ; Surface layer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Measurement of nitrate and chloride in the soil profile have been made in a grassland field at the National Grassland Research Institute, Tochigi, which received heavy applications at the rate of 60 kg/ha of nitrogen and chloride as potassium nitrate and calcium chloride respectively, at 5 days intervals in the summer wet season. The chloride anion was utilized as a tracer of the nitrate anion. Compared with the plots without a root-mat zone (0–2.5 cm), those with a root-mat zone had a lower NO3−N/Cl ratio in the soil surface layer (0–15 cm). Under intensive rainfall (17th July to 5th Sept., 519 mm) and high temperature (23°C), the surface root zone of the grass sward was assumed to be in a significantly reducing condition. From the change of NO3−N/Cl ratio in the soil profile and the plant uptake of nitrogen and chloride, considerable reduction of NO3−N and its loss from the root-mat zone was suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02149718
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ethylene and carbon dioxide concentrations of soils as influenced by rhizosphere of crops under field and pot conditions (1993)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 150 (1993), S. 255-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; ethylene ; Glycine max ; rhizosphere ; Sorghum bicolor ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A method for collecting low volumes of soil gas from a small region, and a technique for determining small concentrations of ethylene using an enrichment process are described. Using these methods, it was found that ethylene and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations of soils varied considerably depending on the presence or absence of a rhizosphere. Ethylene was much higher (31–375 nL L−1; mean: 207) in non-cropped areas (i.e., soils without rhizosphere) than in the rhizosphere region (8–136 nL L−1; mean: 38) of a field in which maize or soybean were grown. On the other hand, CO2 concentrations were higher in rhizosphere than in non-rhizosphere soil, especially in pot experiments. The rate of ethylene decomposition was, however, much greater in rhizosphere soil (55 nL g−1 day−1) than in non-rhizosphere soil (34 nL g−1 day−1). Higher microbial activity was presumed to result in the decrease of ethylene concentration and the increase in CO2 in rhizosphere regions. The implications of these results in relation to the influence of ethylene in rhizosphere on plant growth, and the role of soil microbes on decomposition of ethylene is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00013022
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