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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Local IGF-I Axis in Peripubertal Ruminant Mammary Development (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 5 (2000), S. 43-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: Bovine ; ruminant ; IGF ; mammary ; paracrine ; growth factors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The regulation of mammary growth and development in heifers is accomplished by complexinteractions of hormones, growth factors, and extracellular matrix molecules. Many of thesegrowth stimulators are believed to be locally produced in the mammary gland and to beaffected by developmental and nutritional status. Although estrogen and growth hormone areconsidered critical to pubertal mammogenesis, results summarized in this review suggest thatIGF-I6 and IGF binding proteins are especially important locally-produced growth regulatorsin peripubertal ruminants. This assertion is supported by studies of ovariectomized heifers, inwhich increased stromal IGFBP-3 and reduced IGF-I correspond with a failure of udderdevelopment. Similarly, reduced mammary development with overfeeding coincides withreduced mitogenic activity of mammary tissue extracts and altered concentrations of IGF-Iand IGFBPs. In vitro studies convincingly demonstrate that much of the mitogenic activity ofmammary extracts or serum can be attributed to IGF-I and that alterations in IGFBP-3 modulateits effectiveness. Thus by analogy to second messenger mechanisms of action for proteinhormones, local mammary-derived growth factors likely explain many of the effects attributedto the classic mammogenic hormones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009563115612
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mammary Involution in Dairy Animals (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 4 (1999), S. 137-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: MAMMARY INVOLUTION ; CELL TURNOVER ; APOPTOSIS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Lifetime milk production is maximized when dairycows are pregnant during approximately 70% of eachlactation. Between lactations, a nonlactating period isnecessary for optimal milk production in the succeeding lactation. With cessation of milking, alveolarstructure is largely maintained and little or no loss ofcells occurs. However, increased apoptosis and cellproliferation, relative to that in lactating glands during the same stage of gestation, suggestthat a nonlactating period serves to promote cellturnover prior to the next lactation. Even in theabsence of pregnancy, mammary involution in dairyanimals occurs at a slower rate than in rodents;alveolar structure is maintained for several weeks andlactation can be reinitiated after four weeks or more ofinvolution. Although apoptosis appears to be initiated within a similar time frame to that in rodents,the maximum proportion of apoptotic epithelial cellsappears to be lower than in rodents, and apoptosis maybe accompanied by an initial increase in cell proliferation. The ability to manipulateapoptosis and cell proliferation during the nonlactatingperiod and during lactation is expected to provideenormous benefits to the dairy industry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018769022990
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Regulation of Mammary Gland Growth and Morphogenesis by the Mammary Fat Pad: A Species Comparison (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of mammary gland biology and neoplasia 4 (1999), S. 53-68 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7039
    Keywords: MAMMARY FAT PAD ; MORPHOGENESIS ; PARACRINE ; EPITHELIAL-STROMAL INTERACTION ; HORMONE RECEPTORS ; GROWTH FACTORS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The growth and morphogenesis of mammaryparenchyma varies substantially between species and isregulated by an array of systemic and local factors.Central to this regulation is the mammary fat pad, amatrix of adipose and connective tissue capable ofmediating hormone action and synthesizing an array ofgrowth regulatory molecules. In this article wehighlight differences between the morphologicaldevelopment of the mammary parenchyma in rodents, humans,and ruminant dairy animals, placing emphasis ondifferences in the cellular composition and structure ofthe mammary fat pad. While a great deal remains to be understood about the ability of stroma tolocally regulate mammary development, the significanceof its contribution is becoming increasingly apparent.The actions of several steroid and peptide hormones appear to be mediated by an array of growthfactors, proteases and extracellular matrix componentssynthesized by constituents of the mammary fat pad.Further, mammary adipose tissue represents a significant store of lipid which, by itself and through itsderivatives, could influence the growth of mammaryepithelium in diverse ways. This review describes theintegral role of the mammary fat pad duringmammogenesis, emphasizing the point that species differencesmust be addressed if local growth and morphogenicmechanisms within the mammary gland are to beresolved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018704603426
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytoplasmic organization and quantitation of microtubules in bovine mammary epithelial cells during lactation and involution (1982)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 223 (1982), S. 421-430 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Cattle ; Mammary gland ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Ultrastructural examination of milk secretory cells from lactating bovine mammary gland revealed presence of numerous microtubules in the apical and paranuclear cytoplasm, particularly in the vicinity of Golgi components. Most microtubules were oriented perpendicular to the apical plasma membrane and appeared to form a framework around Golgi dictyosomal elements and secretory vesicles. In comparison, non-secretory cells obtained from involuting glands displayed few microtubules and these were randomly located throughout the cytoplasm with no particular orientation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01258499
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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