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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Boca Raton, Fla. :CRC,
    Title: Practical statistics for medical research /
    Author: Altman, Douglas G.
    Publisher: Boca Raton, Fla. :CRC,
    Year of publication: 1999
    Pages: XII, 611 S.
    ISBN: 0-412-27630-5
    Type of Medium: Book
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Book
    Book
    London :Chapman & Hall,
    Title: Practical statistics for medical research /; 12
    Author: Altman, Douglas G.
    Edition: 2nd ed
    Publisher: London :Chapman & Hall,
    Year of publication: 2020
    Pages: 1 v.
    Series Statement: Chapman & Hall/CRC texts in statistical science 12
    ISBN: 978-1-584-88039-4 , 1-584-88039-2
    Type of Medium: Book
    URL: 04
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 101 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 101 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To construct a new size chart for fetal femur length.Design A prospective, cross sectional study of fetuses scanned once only for the purpose of the study at gestations between 12 and 42 weeks.Setting The routine ultrasound department of a London teaching hospital.Subject The fetuses of 663 women seen in the routine antenatal booking clinic whose ultrasound and menstrual dates agreed within 10 days.Results Femur length was measured on 649 of the 663 fetuses. A linear-cubic regression model was fitted to estimate the mean and a separate linear regression to estimate the standard deviation. Gentiles were derived by combining these two regression models, assuming that the measurements have a normal distribution at each gestational age. A new chart for femur size is presented and compared with previously published data.Conclusions We have constructed a new size chart for fetal femur length taking into consideration the increasing variability with increasing gestational age. We have compared our chart with other published data, and believe that the differences seen may be largely due to methodological differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 100 (1993), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 109 (2002), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To construct new size charts for all fetal limb bones.Design A prospective, cross sectional study.Setting Ultrasound department of a large hospital.Sample 663 fetuses scanned once only for the purpose of the study at gestations between 12 and 42 weeks.Methods Centiles were estimated by combining separate regression models fitted to the mean and standard deviation, assuming that the measurements have a normal distribution at each gestational age.Main outcome measures Determination of fetal limb lengths from 12 to 42 weeks of gestation.Results Size charts for fetal bones (radius, ulna, humerus, tibia, fibula, femur and foot) are presented and compared with previously published data.Conclusions We present new size charts for fetal limb bones which take into consideration the increasing variability with gestational age. We have compared these charts with other published data; the differences seen may be largely due to methodological differences. As standards for fetal head and abdominal measurements have been published from the same population, we suggest that the use of the new charts may facilitate prenatal diagnosis of skeletal dysplasias.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 101 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To construct new size charts for fetal abdominal circumference and area.Design A prospective, cross sectional study.Setting The routine ultrasound department of a London teaching hospital.Subject The fetuses of 663 women seen in the routine antenatal booking clinic whose ultrasound and menstrual dates agreed within 10 days.Methods Fetuses were scanned once only for the purpose of the study at gestations between 12 and 42 weeks, when up to 20 dimensions were measured. Separate regression models were fitted to estimate the mean and standard deviation as functions of gestational age. Gentiles were derived by combining these two regression models, assuming that the measurements have a Normal distribution at each gestation.Results A total of 610 fetuses had their abdominal circumference measured directly. Abdominal diameters were recorded for 425 fetuses and the circumference was also derived from these, as was the abdominal area. New charts for abdominal circumference (directly measured and derived from diameters) are presented. The directly measured circumferences were consistently (by about 3.5 %) greater than those derived from measurement of the abdominal diameters. The new charts are compared with previously published charts that are in wide use. A chart for abdominal area is also presented.Conclusions We have constructed new size charts for the fetal abdominal circumference, both measured directly and derived from abdominal diameters. We have demonstrated the difference between the size charts constructed from these two sets of values and hence the importance of using the appropriately derived chart when assessing the abdominal circumference. The differences between the new charts and previous ones may be largely due to methodological differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 101 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To construct new size charts for fetal head circumference, biparietal diameter and other head dimensions.Design A prospective, cross sectional study.Setting The routine ultrasound department of a London teaching hospital.Subjects The fetuses of 663 women seen in the routine antenatal booking clinic whose ultrasound and menstrual dates agreed within 10 days.Methods Fetuses were scanned once only for the purpose of the study at gestations between 12 and 42 weeks, when up to 20 dimensions were measured. For each measurement separate regression models were fitted to estimate the mean and standard deviation at each gestational age. Centiles were derived by combining these two regression models, assuming that the measurements have a normal distribution at each gestational age.Results A total of 594 fetuses had their biparietal diameter measured and their head circumference measured directly. Both head diameters were recorded for 587 fetuses and the circumference was also derived from these, as was the cephalic area. New charts are presented for biparietal diameter (both outer–outer and outer–inner), head circumference (directly measured and derived from diameters). The directly measured head circumferences were consistently (by about 1%) greater than those derived from measurement of the head diameters. The new charts are compared with previously published charts that are in wide use. Charts for occipitofrontal diameter, cephalic index and cephalic area are also presented.Conclusions We have constructed new size charts for the fetal biparietal diameter and for head circumference, both measured directly and derived from head diameters. We have demonstrated the difference between the size charts constructed from these two sets of values and hence the importance of using the appropriately derived chart when assessing the head circumference. The differences between the new charts for biparietal diameter and head circumference and previous ones may be largely due to methodological differences.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 101 (1994), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objectives To discuss the features of study design and analysis which are necessary to derive valid reference centiles for fetal size. To describe a study which meets the stated criteria.Design Prospective study of 663 fetuses.Results The selection of the sample and adequate sample size are of great importance. Prospective collection of data specifically for the purpose of deriving centiles is recommended. It is essential to use statistical methods that take proper account of the increasing variation among fetuses as pregnancy proceeds; such methods are described and illustrated. A study is described which meets the stated criteria for design and analysis, and from which new fetal size centile charts have been derived and are presented in subsequent papers.Conclusions Many published studies containing charts (standards) of fetal size are methodologically flawed. Research design and statistical analysis must adhere to sound principles for fitted centiles of size to be valid and so clinically relevant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 99 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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