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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Expression of GABAB Receptors in Magnocellular Neurosecretory Cells of Male, Virgin Female and Lactating Rats (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 17 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: GABA is one of the key neurotransmitters that regulate the firing activity of neurones in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. In the present study, we used immunohistochemical techniques to study the distribution and subcellular localisation of metabotropic GABAB receptors in magnocellular neurones in the SON and PVN. Robust GABAB receptor immunoreactivity (GABABR; both subunit 1 and subunit 2 of the heterodimer), was observed in the SON and PVN. At the light microcope level, GABABR immonoreactivity displayed a clustered pattern localised both intracytoplasmically and at the plasma membrane. Densitometry analysis indicated that GABABR immunoreactivity was significantly more intense in vasopressin cells than in oxytocin cells, both in male, virgin female and lactating rats, and was denser in males than in virgin females. Light and electron microscope studies indicated that cytoplasmic GABABR was localised in various organelles, including the Golgi, early endosomes and lysosomes, suggesting the cycling of the receptor within the endocytic and trafficking pathways. Some smaller clusters at the level of the cell plasma membrane were apposed to glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 immunoreactive boutons, and appeared to be colocalised with gephyrin, a constituent protein of the postsynaptic density at inhibitory synapses. The presence of GABABR immunoreactivity at synaptic and extrasynaptic sites was supported by electron microscopy. These results provide anatomical evidence for the expression of postsynaptic GABAB receptors in magnocellular neurosecretory cells.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01324.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Patterns of smoking in Spain (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of epidemiology 10 (1994), S. 595-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7284
    Keywords: Population surveillance ; Smoking-epidemiology ; Spain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Smoking patterns were examined in 2500 individuals, aged 14–70 years living in Castille and Leon (Spain) in the fall of 1992. Of these, 39.6% were regular smokers, 7.2% were occasional smokers, 14.8% were former smokers, and 30.4% were non-smokers. Sex differences were striking: there was a higher prevalence of regular smokers among males than females, males smoked much more, and were more frequently French-type cigarette smokers. A comparison of the present figures with data from an earlier survey carried out in 1989 suggests that smoking is decreasing in Spain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01719578
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Distribution of enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fibres and terminals in the region of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis of the rat: a light and electron microscopic study (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 17 (1988), S. 361-376 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary This investigation was carried out on the distribution of enkephalin-containing nerve fibres and terminals in the region of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) of the rat. At the light microscope (LM) level, enkephalin-immunoreactive sites and endogenous choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) were demonstrated by employing the two-colour immunoperoxidase staining technique, using highly specific monoclonal antibodies against enkephalin and ChAT. A pharmacohistochemical procedure to reveal acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-synthesizing neurons combined with the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) immunocytochemical technique to detect endogenous enkephalins, provided ultrastructural data on the relationships of neuronal elements containing AChE and enkephalins in the region of the NBM. At the LM level, cholinergic neurons of the NBM were surrounded by a dense network of enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fibres. Electron microscopic (EM) observations of histochemically characterized structures, that were first identified in the LM, revealed that intensely AChE-stained structures in the region of the NBM received sparse synaptic inputs from enkephalin immunoreactive terminals. Synaptic inputs of immunoreactive terminals onto intensely AChE-stained neuron cell bodies were not detected. Synaptic contacts onto proximal AChE-positive dendrites were sparse, but the density increased on more distal regions of the dendrites. All immunoreactive boutons studied established symmetrical synaptic contacts with AChE-positive post-synaptic structures. The pattern of the synaptic input to these cells differs strikingly from that onto typical globus pallidus neurons. The perikarya and dendrites of the latter neurons were characteristically ensheathed in immunoreactive synaptic boutons. Results are consistent with the view that enkephalin-like substances in the rat might be synaptic transmitters or neuromodulators in the area of the NBM and that cholinergic neurons of the NBM (Ch4) are integrated into the circuitry of the basal ganglia. Enkephalins may play an important role regulating the extrinsic cholinergic innervation of the neocortex.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187858
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphology and distribution of primary afferent fibres expressing α-galactose extended oligosaccharides in the spinal cord and brainstem of the rat. Light microscopy (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 18 (1989), S. 611-629 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The light microscopic morphology and distribution of non-substance P-containing small primary afferent fibres were studied. These fibres were labelled using LD2 and LA4 monoclonal antibodies which recognize α-galactose extended oligosaccharides expressed by primary afferent neurons. The LD2 and LA4 antibodies immunostained small primary afferent fibres ending mainly in lamina II of the spinal cord dorsal horn and trigeminal subnucleus caudalis of the rat. The lamination pattern of both types of primary afferents was assessed using an image analysis system. The highest density of LD2-immunoreactive fibres was located in a patchy band located in lamina II outer, while LA4-immunoreactive fibres were distributed mainly through lamina II inner. In lateral regions of cervical and lumbar dorsal horn the LA4-immunoreactive band is broader and comprises almost all lamina II. In contrast to substance P-containing primary afferents, a low density of LD2- or LA4-immunoreactive fibres was found in lamina I, and no terminal fields were found in lamina V or lamina X of the spinal cord or in levels of the trigeminal system outside the subnucleus caudalis. Both antibodies also labelled the parent fibres in the white matter fascicles. LD2-immunoreactive fibres were located in the dorsal roots, medial regions of the Lissauer tract, dorsal columns of the spinal cord, outer regions of the spinal trigeminal tract and dorsal to the cuneatus and gracilis nuclei. In contrast, LA4-immunoreactive fibres were restricted to the dorsal roots, medial and lateral regions of the Lissauer tract and the outer regions of the trigeminal tract. Immunostained fibres in the rootlets of the X and IX nerves and immunoreactive terminal arborizations in various subnuclei of the nucleus tractus solitarius were seen using both antibodies. These results show that subpopulations of small primary afferents stained by LD2 and LA4 antibodies have distinct patterns of central distribution and are consistent with a subdivision of small primary afferents into peptide- and non-peptide-containing groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187082
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of primary afferent fibres and terminals expressing α-galactose extended oligosaccharides in the spinal cord and brainstem of the rat (1989)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 18 (1989), S. 631-645 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural characteristics of primary afferent fibres, which express α-galactose extended oligosaccharides recognized by LD2 and LA4 monoclonal antibodies, and the subcellular localization of these oligosaccharides were studied. LD2 and LA4 antibodies both label intensely the plasma membrane of primary afferent fibres, and with LD2 antibody all immunoreactive profiles also possessed strong intracellular staining. In contrast, intracellular staining with LA4 antibody was observed in only a subpopulation of stained profiles. LD2-immunoreactive fibres were detected in trigeminal and Lissauer tracts and in lamina I (LI) and lamina II (LII), and appeared as a mixture of unmyelinated and myelinated fibres. The highest density of LD2-immunoreactive synaptic boutons was found in lamina II outer (LIIo). Many of the terminals were simple dome-shaped terminals, making single asymmetric synapses over small and medium-sized dendritic shafts and dendritic spines. All LA4-immunoreactive fibres were unmyelinated. In addition, some small scalloped central-glomerular terminals contacting two or three dendrites were found. LA4-immunoreactive fibres were found more frequently than terminals and appeared most heavily immunostained in trigeminal and Lissauer tracts. In the neuropil of LI and LII, LA4 profiles were generally very weakly immunostained, although a small sample of immunostained synaptic boutons was detected. All LA4-immunoreactive terminals were found in lamina II inner (LIIi) and made simple asymmetric axodendritic synapses. In addition to axons and terminals, some dendrites exhibited LD2 immunoreactivity and this was most intense in the region of synaptic vesicles. In addition to neurons, some endothelial cells were immunostained with LD2 antibody and astrocytes were immunostained with LA4 antibody.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187083
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sub-populations of smaller diameter trigeminal primary afferent neurons defined by expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide and the cell surface oligosaccharide recognized by monoclonal antibody LA4. (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 20 (1991), S. 716-731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Immunocytochemistry has been used to examine the trigeminal ganglion cell populations in the rat which express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and the oligosaccharide antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody LA4. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and LA4 identify two large but mainly separate populations of trigeminal ganglion cells. Depending on the method of assessment used, CGRP-immunoreactive cells represent 29–37% of trigeminal ganglion cells while LA4 labels 26–40% of the cells, but with only 8% overlap between the two populations. Both CGRP and LA4 label predominantly small diameter cells (mean diameters 23 μm and 25 μm respectively) but with CGRP cells exhibiting a greater range of diameters than LA4 cells. The cell sizes indicate that small diameter CGRP-immunoreactive cells and most LA4-immunoreactive cells are likely to have unmyelinated axons, and together the two populations can account for the great majority of unmyelinated trigeminal primary afferent neurons. Centrally, CGRP and LA4 show distinct patterns of staining. Thus although both antigens are found in lamina II of subnucleus caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, CGRP is most abundant in lamina I and lamina II outer while LA4 irnmunoreactivity is most dense in lamina II inner. In addition CGRP-, but not LA4-, immunoreactive fibres occur in the magnocellular portion of caudalis. Previous studies have show that in rat dorsal root ganglion cells CGRP coexists with most other known neuropeptides and can therefore be used as a general marker for peptide-containing primary afferents. In contrast LA4 labels a cell population which is probably largely identical to that identified by the presence of fluoride resistant acid phosphatase or by the binding of lectins such as Griffonia simplidfolia isolectin B4 and this population does not contain neuropeptides. Our results thus provide further evidence that unmyelinated primary afferents can be divided into peptide and non-peptide containing subpopulations and that these populations innervate distinct regions of laminae I and II.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01187846
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Immunocytochemical analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in Merkel cells and cutaneous free nerve endings of cats (1988)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 254 (1988), S. 429-437 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) ; Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) ; Merkel cells ; Free nerve endings ; Cat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactivity were observed to coexist in Merkel cells of cats. No differences in peptide content were found between Merkel cells located in epithelia of the hard palate, in hairy and glabrous skin of the upper lip, and in vibrissae follicles. CGRP-and VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibres were also found near CGRP/VIP-immunoreactive Merkel cells. In the vibrissae follicles some CGRP-and VIP-immunoreactive nerve terminals end abutting on the glassy membrane. Other CGRP immunoreactive nerve fibres penetrate the epithelium of the skin and end within it. Electron microscopy of vibrissae follicles revealed that Merkel cell neuntes are not immunostained and that immunostained nerve fibres form unmyelinated bundles before ending freely. Thus, CGRP-and VIP immunoreactive nerve fibres in cat skin do not end as Merkel cell neuntes but as different kinds of free nerve endings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00225816
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