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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dual-Frequency Ultrasound Examination of Skin and Subcutis Thickness in Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Inc
    The @breast journal 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1524-4741
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract:  Breast cancer-related lymphedema (BCRL) is a chronic swelling of the arm that sometimes follows breast cancer treatment. Clinically, both skin and subcutis are swollen. Edema is considered to be predominantly subcutaneous and of an even distribution. The purpose of this study was to quantify the degree and uniformity of skin and subcutis swelling around the forearms of women with BCRL. Ten women with BCRL were recruited. Both forearms were examined using 20 MHz ultrasound to visualize the skin and 7 MHz ultrasound to visualize the subcutis. Skin thickness was between the bottom of the entry-echo and the skin–subcutis boundary. Subcutis thickness was measured between the skin–subcutis boundary and the subcutis–muscle boundary. Both average skin thickness (1.97 ± 1.00 mm) and average subcutis thickness (10.32 ± 5.63 mm) were greater in the ipsilateral arm than in the contralateral arm (skin 1.12 ± 0.14 mm, subcutis 5.58 ± 2.04 mm, p 〈 0.01, t-test). The degree of increase in skin thickness did not vary around the arm (p 〉 0.05, ANOVA), while the degree of increase in subcutis thickness did vary (p 〈 0.05). Skin thickness correlated negatively with subcutis thickness in the contralateral arm, but correlated positively in the ipsilateral arm. The skin and subcutis are thickened in the ipsilateral arm of patients with BCRL. Skin thickness is increased uniformly around the arm and correlates strongly with the degree of swelling, while subcutis swelling varies. The measurement of skin thickness using ultrasound may form a useful clinical tool in the diagnosis of lymphedema and also aid further investigation of therapeutic techniques. 
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1075-122X.2004.21458.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessment of noninvasive tests of cutaneous vascular control in the forearm using a laser Doppler meter and a Finapres blood pressure monitor (1995)
    Springer
    Clinical autonomic research 5 (1995), S. 37-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1619-1560
    Keywords: Vascular resistance ; Laser Doppler flowmetry ; Vasoconstriction ; Vasodilatation ; Sympathetic nervous system ; Skin ; Power analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The control of human forearm cutaneous vascular resistance was examined using a combination of laser Doppler perfusion measurement and continuous Finapres blood pressure measurement. Tests which provoke changes in blood flow via different control mechanisms (local and neural) were applied in a group of ten healthy subjects. The purpose was to select from them a suitable (i.e. statistically significant) group to apply in cases where a disease process is suspected of interfering with the control of the skin circulation. Deep inspiration, immersion of the feet in water at 15°C (both eliciting sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerve activity) and arm dependency (eliciting the local veni-arteriolar response) produced statistically significant, symmetrical increases in cutaneous vascular resistance in both arms (p 〈 0.05, Wilcoxon's test for paired differences). Similarly, post-ischaemic reactive hyperaemia (mediated by local vasodilator mechanisms) and indirect heating of the body (eliciting increased sympathetic vasodilator nerve activity) resulted in significant decreases in cutaneous vascular resistance (p 〈 0.01). When deep inspiration was repeated from a vasodilated baseline after indirect heating, the increases in cutaneous vascular resistance were smaller than those obtained before heating. Isometric handgrip exercise failed to produce a significant change in contralateral cutaneous vascular resistance (p 〉 0.05). There were no differences between right and left arms for any test (p 〉 0.05). The successful tests were subjected to power analysis in order to predict likely patient sample sizes required to demonstrate altered responsiveness at sites of microcirculatory disturbance compared with normal skin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01845497
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lactic acid fermentation of crude sorghum extract (1980)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Biotechnology and Bioengineering 22 (1980), S. 757-777 
    Details
    ISSN: 0006-3592
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Biochemistry and Biotechnology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Crude extract from sweet sorghum supplemented with vetch juice was utilized as the carbohydrate source for fermentative production of lactic acid. Fermentation of media containing 7%(w/v) total sugar was complex completed in 60-80 hr by Lactobacillus plantarum, product yield averaging 85%. Maximum acid production rates were dependent on pH, initial substrate distribution, and concentration, the rates varying from 2 to 5 g(liter·hr.) The lactic acid yield was lowered to 67% under limited medium supplementation. The fermented ammoniated product contained over eight times as much equivalent crude protein (N × 6.25) as the original medium. Unstructured kinetic models were developed for cell growth, lactic acid formation, and substrate consumption in batch fermentation. With the provision of experimentally determined kinetic parameters, the proposed models accurately the fermentation process.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.260220404
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