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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analogs of the cyclic hydroxamic acid 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA): decomposition to benzoxazolinones and reaction with .beta.-mercaptoethanol (1991)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    The @journal of organic chemistry 56 (1991), S. 1788-1800 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-6904
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo00005a025
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chemical Marker Profile and Biological Effects of Natural Products Containing Echinacea (2005)
    Berkeley, Calif. : Berkeley Electronic Press (now: De Gruyter)
    Journal of complementary and integrative medicine 2 (2005), S. 11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1553-3840
    Source: Berkeley Electronic Press Academic Journals
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Natural health products containing Echinacea have been used by many patient populations and although there are reports of adverse effects with products containing Echinacea, few clearly characterized the nature of the product with respect to constituent content, the nature of the products and the mechanism underlying the interaction. The objective of this study was to examine blended and single-entity Echinacea products containing ground plant material or extracts in commercial capsules, herbal teas, tablets, tinctures and soft gel liquid-filled capsule formulations in an attempt to correlate biomarker constituent content and effects on cellular and subcellular parameters of interest. HPLC analysis indicated significant variability in the major biomarker constituent content in extracts from these Echinacea products. These extracts were also examined for their potential to affect cytochrome P450 CYP1A1/2, 2C9*1, 2C9*2, 2C19, 2D6, 3A4, 3A5, 3A7, and flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3); CYP3A5-mediated metabolism, and expression of CYP3A4 and ABCB1. The extracts of some products were also examined for their effect cellular processes such as cell proliferation, nitric oxide formation as a marker of immunostimulatory capacity, and lactate dehydrogenase release as a marker for cell toxicity. The present study indicated that key Echinacea constituents varied widely within and between the products tested and that these levels did not correlate with the ability of these products to markedly affect the cellular processes studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://www.bepress.com/jcim/vol2/iss1/11
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Leaf profile of maize resistance factors to European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis (1995)
    Springer
    Journal of chemical ecology 21 (1995), S. 343-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Ostrinia nubilalis ; Lepidoptera ; Pyralidae ; European corn borer ; maize ; resistance ; phenolics ; fiber ; diferulic acid ; truxillic acid ; DIMBOA ; toughness
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The feeding preference of European corn borer larvae for immature whorl tissue of maize was examined by conducting leaf bioassays and quantifying resistance factors along the length of mid-whorl leaves from the maize synthetic BS9(C4) developed by recurrent selection for resistance. Potential resistance factors that were quantified included percent foliar nitrogen, gravimetric determination of soluble metabolites and fiber, soluble phenolics and hydroxamic acids, cell-wall-bound phenolics, leaf toughness, and UV absorbance of the epidermal cell wall determined by microspectrophotometry. Larvae consumed immature tissue at a higher rate than more mature tissue outside of the whorl, despite higher levels of DIMBOA in immature tissue. Consumption rate was highly negatively correlated with epidermal cell wall absorbance and leaf toughness. Fiber content and phenolic fortification of cell walls are proposed as the major resistance components that influence European corn borer feeding preference within the resistant synthetic BS9(C4).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02036722
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Antioxidant enzymes as biochemical defenses against phototoxin-induced oxidative stress in three species of herbivorous lepidoptera (1991)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 16 (1991), S. 139-152 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: superoxide dismutase ; catalase ; glutathione peroxidase ; glutathione reductase ; hypericin ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Many secondary plant compounds are capable of photoactivation resulting in the production of toxic species of oxygen. One mechanism of defense for insects feeding on phototoxic plants may be the presence of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPOX), and glutathione reductase (GR). The activities of these enzymes were examined in larvae of three lepidoptera: Ostrinia nubilalis, Manduca sexta, and Anaitis plagiata. Highest levels of antioxidant enzyme activity were found in A. plagiata, a specialist feeder on Hypericum perforatum, which contains high levels of the phototoxin hypericin. Larvae of A. plagiata fed leaf discs treated with hypericin exhibited a short-term, concentration-dependent decline in enzyme activity. Longer term studies with A. palgiata fed either the photoxic H. perforatum, or the closely related but non-phototoxic H. calycinum, resulted in increased CAT and GR activity in larvae fed the phototoxic plant whereas SOD activity was not significantly different. These results suggest that CAT and GR may be inducible defenses against phototoxins.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940160206
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Toxicokinetics of [3H]-dihydroazadirachtin in the variegated cutworm Peridroma saucia (1994)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology 25 (1994), S. 95-106 
    Details
    ISSN: 0739-4462
    Keywords: azadirachtin ; tissue distribution ; elimination ; Chemistry ; Food Science, Agricultural, Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The excretion, retention, and tissue distribution of [3H]-dihydroazadirachtin was investigated in the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Noctuidae). The candidate compound was rapidly cleared from the hemolymph following either oral exposure or topical administration, with maximum concentrations at 6 h post-treatment and peak appearance of label in the frass at 12 h. However, approximately 45 and 55% of the labelled material was retained in the body at 72 h in respective treatments. Major depots for retained radioactivity were the gut (24% of the administered oral dose, 18.8% of the administered topical dose) and integument (12.2% of the oral dose and 30.7% of the topical dose). The variation in tissue distribution of dihydroazadirachtin with respect to the mode of application is discussed. A single polar metabolite fraction was obtained from the frass of dihydroazadirachtin-fed larvae. The physiological and behavioral effects of 22,23-dihydroazadirachtin and azadirachtin are quantitatively similar. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/arch.940250203
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