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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain MRI in children with migraine: a controlled morphometric study (1996)
    USA/Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Cephalalgia 16 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2982
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Sixteen children and adolescents, aged 5–17 years, with migraine and 24 migraine-free age-matched healthy volunteers underwent brain MR1 (1.0 T). Signal intensities of the brain, midsagittal and coronal diameters of the brainstem were quantitatively measured. General signal intensities did not differ between the groups. Compared to controls (17%), more migraine patients (50%) had high-signal foci on T2-weighted images. The diameters of the pons were greater in the migraine group (p=0.016), although within the normal range. The diameters of the mesencephalon and the medulla oblongata did not differ between the groups, perhaps because they reach the adult size in early, childhood in contrast to the pons, which continues to grow. Childhood migraine may be associated with slightly more than average growth of the ports. As the pathophysiology of migraine is still unclear it might be worth studying with new MR methods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.1996.1608541.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 476-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied 30 patients with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL). The patients (aged 6–25 years) and 43 age-matched healthy volunteers underwent MRI. After visual assessment, the signal intensity was measured on T2-weighted images in numerous locations. The thickness of the cortex and corpus callosum and the dimensions of the brain stem were measured. Mild to moderate cerebral atrophy was found in 14 of 30 patients, most of them over 14 years of age; 5 older patients had mild to moderate cerebellar atrophy. There was reduction in the size of the corpus callosum and brain stem. The thalamus, caudate nucleus and putamen appeared to give low signal in patients from the ages of 7, 11 and 11 years, respectively. In contrast, the signal intensity measured from the thalamus in these patients showed only a slight (insignificant) decrease compared with controls. The most significant alteration, an increase in measured signal intensity, was found in the white matter (P〈0.0001), even in the youngest patients. The MRI findings correlated significantly with decreased intelligence, speech disturbances and motor problems. Although MRI findings in JNCL do not appear very specific and the visual changes develop relatively late, the absence of pathological MRI findings in the very early stage of the disease may play a part in differential diagnosis of the different types of NCL. Furthermore, the MRI findings may be used in assessing severity and prognosis, particularly in young patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607283
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. II. Postmortem MRI and histopathological study of the brain in 16 cases of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis of juvenile or late infantile type (1997)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 371-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Magnetic resonance imaging ; Postmortem ; Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Demyelination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Postmortem MRI was carried out on the formalin-fixed brains of 14 patients with juvenile (JNCL) and two with late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, one of variant and the other of classical type. Two patients with JNCL had also undergone MRI during life. After MRI, specimens for histopathological analysis were taken from standard areas of the cerebral cortex, deep nuclei and white matter. The signal intensity of the periventricular white matter was usually higher than that of the peripheral white matter, a finding which correlated with the severe periventricular loss of myelin and gliosis observed histologically. The signal intensity was usually lower in the thalamus than in the putamen; in some patients the signal intensity of the thalamus was equal to or even lower than that of the white matter. However, myelin loss, gliosis, the storage process or neuronal loss in the thalamus did not correlate with the MRI findings. Since in one patient with JNCL the ante- and postmortem MRI did not differ basically, it appears probable that the periventricular changes detected in vivo on MRI are due to the severe loss of myelin and gliosis observed in this study. However, changes resulting from the fixation process must be considered, when postmortem and in vivo MRI are correlated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050427
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (1996)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 38 (1996), S. 476-482 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Magnetic resonance imaging
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied 30 patients with juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL). The patients (aged 6–25 years) and 43 age-matched healthy volunteers underwent MRI. After visual assessment, the signal intensity was measured on T 2-weighted images in numerous locations. The thickness of the cortex and corpus callosum and the dimensions of the brain stem were measured. Mild to moderate cerebral atrophy was found in 14 of 30 patients, most of them over 14 years of age; 5 older patients had mild to moderate cerebellar atrophy. There was reduction in the size of the corpus callosum and brain stem. The thalamus, caudate nucleus and putamen appeared to give low signal in patients from the ages of 7, 11 and 11 years, respectively. In contrast, the signal intensity measured from the thalamus in these patients showed only a slight (insignificant) decrease compared with controls. The most significant alteration, an increase in measured signal intensity, was found in the white matter (P 〈 0.0001), even in the youngest patients. The MRI findings correlated significantly with decreased intelligence, speech disturbances and motor problems. Although MRI findings in JNCL do not appear very specific and the visual changes develop relatively late, the absence of pathological MRI findings in the very early stage of the disease may play a part in differential diagnosis of the different types of NCL. Furthermore, the MRI findings may be used in assessing severity and prognosis, particularly in young patients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00607283
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The normal brain stem from infancy to old age (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 364-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain stem ; Mesencephalon ; Pons ; Medulla oblongata ; Brain volume ; MRI
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to develop a method of measuring the size of the brain stem by routine MRI and to determine brain stem dimensions in a normal population. We examined 174 subjects, aged 4 months to 86 years, with no known brain disease. Sagittal midline diameters of the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata were measured on sagittal T1-weighted images, coronal diameters from axial T2-weighted images. The adult midsagittal diameter of the mesencephalon was reached at the age of 6 years, and decreased slightly after 45–50 years. Pontine dimensions increased until the age of 20 years and did not subsequently decrease. The midsagittal and midcoronal diameters of the medulla oblongata stopped increasing at the ages of 6 and 8 years, respectively. Minimal reduction in the midsagittal diameter occurs after 50 years. Normal ranges for each dimension were recorded. Knowledge of the normal variation in size of the brain stem can be helpful in the investigation of neurodegenerative diseases. The method described is rapid and needs no additional hard-or osoftware. An additonal finding was an increase in large vermian sulci in subjects over 50 years of age.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612119
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of the brain in neurologically healthy middle-aged and elderly individuals (1997)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 39 (1997), S. 537-545 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Key words Ageing brain ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; High-signal foci ; Signal intensity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Our purpose was to document the MRI appearances of the brain in healthy middle-aged to elderly subjects. T2- and proton density-weighted axial slices were obtained in 61 volunteers, 30–86 years of age. After visual inspection, signal intensities of brain structures were measured on T2-weighted images. Age-related changes became increasingly apparent after age 50. The main findings were that signal intensity of the white matter increased concomitantly with widening of the cerebrospinal fluid spaces; that basal ganglia remained stable; that high-signal foci in white matter increased in number and size after the age of 50 years; that periventricular high-signal foci were constant after the age of 65 years. Our visual impression of a decrease in signal intensity of the central grey matter with age seems to be mistaken. Pathological processes should be suspected if periventricular foci are found in middle-aged or young subjects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002340050463
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of the normal brain from early childhood to middle age (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 644-648 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain, growth and development ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; Children ; High signal foci
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The magnetic resonance images of 67 healthy subjects aged 4–50 years were studied for differences in general signal intensity between the different brain structures, the frequency of focal intensity changes in the brain, and variations in size of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces. In adults over 25 years of age the thalamus gave lower signal than the putamen or caudate nucleus. Definite periventricular high signal was found in the white matter of one third of subjects of all ages. Small (〈5 mm in diameter) high signal foci were found in the cerebral white matter on T2-weighted images in 27% of subjects (20% of healthy children and adolescents and 34% of adults). They gave high signal on both short and long echoes in 11% of children and adolescents and in 22% of adults; 51% of all foci gave high signal with both echoes. This does not support the hypothesis that they are caused mainly by enlarged Virchow-Robin spaces. Of the high signal foci on T2-weighted images, 86% were in watershead areas. Two foci were found in one subject in the periventricular watershed area (beside the tips of the frontal horns) and they were never seen in the other deep white matter regions. In healthy, relatively young subjects with no known risk factors, high signal foci other than Virchow-Robin spaces, were common; neither their prevalence nor their number correlated with age in this series. A few slightly large sulci were found in some adults.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600431
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    MRI of the normal brain from early childhood to middle age (1994)
    Springer
    Neuroradiology 36 (1994), S. 649-651 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1920
    Keywords: Brain, growth and development ; Magnetic resonance imaging ; children
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We examined 66 healthy volunteers aged 4 to 50 years by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and the signal intensity was measured on T2-weighted images in numerous sites and correlated with age and sex. Using distilled water and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as references on each slice, we calculated the signal intensities of the brain structures. Calculated ratios between structures did not change with age, except for those of the globus pallidus and thalamus, in which the signal intensities decreased more rapidly. The signal intensities of other brain structures changed equally but this could not be discerned visually and quantitative measurements were required. The signal intensities in the white and deep grey matter decreased rapidly in the first decade and then gradually to reach a plateau after the age of 18 years. Maturation of the brain thus seems to continue until near the end of the second decade of life. No sex differences were found. Quantitative analysis requires intensity references. The CSF in the tips of the frontal horns seems to be as reliable as an external fluid reference for intensity, and can be used in routine examinations provided the frontal horns are large enough to avoid partial volume effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00600432
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atypical juvenile neuronal ceroid liposfuscinosis with granular osmiophilic deposit-like inclusions in the autonomic nerve cells of the gut wall (1998)
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 95 (1998), S. 306-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Atypical neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis ; Granular ; osmiophilic deposits
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In this 8-year-old boy, who had been exposed to alcohol and oxazepam during pregnancy, visual failure was the first symptom of a neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) disorder, noticed at the age of 5 years. Ophthalmological examinations revealed a cystic type of macular degeneration, which would be more likely to be found in variant late infantile NCL. However, vacuolated lymphocytes were found in peripheral blood films and a diagnosis of the juvenile form of NCL (JNCL) was made. Molecular genetic studies showed the patient to be homozygous for the major mutation of JNCL, a 1.02-kb deletion. In whole-night polysomnography, there was significantly more epileptiform activity than in other JNCL patients under 10 years of age. Using magnetic resonance imaging, the signal intensity of the white matter was increased, especially in the periventricular area. In addition, there were enlarged perivascular spaces in the watershead areas. The corpus callosum was thin. Finally, in the autonomic ganglion cells of the submucosal nerve plexus there were membrane-enclosed homogeneous and granular cytosomes resembling the granular osmiophilic deposits of infantile NCL. However, extraneural cells, including blood capillaries and smooth muscle, showed inclusions with fingerprint and curvilinear profiles. The features of the present case indicated a phenotypic variant of JNCL.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004010050803
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Early juvenile neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis or variant Jansky-Bielschowsky disease: Diagnostic criteria and nomenclature (1993)
    Springer
    Journal of inherited metabolic disease 16 (1993), S. 230-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2665
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00710251
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