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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some neurochemical studies on auditory regions of mouse brain (1979)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 36 (1979), S. 573-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Auditory system ; GABA ; Acetylcholine ; Taurine ; Amino acids ; Neurotransmitters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mouse brain auditory pathway has been dissected into five regions: geniculate bodies, posterior colliculi, superior olives, cochlear nuclei, and cochleas. The following analyses were made in these regions and in the auditory cortex: protein, glutamate, γ-aminobutyrate, taurine, choline acetyltransferase, and glutamate decarboxylase. Taurine levels (nmol · mg of protein-1) were highest in cortex (93) and geniculate bodies (60) and lowest in the cochlear nuclei (27) and cochleas (29). Concentrations of γ-aminobutyrate (same units) were highest in the geniculate bodies (28), low in the superior olives and cochlear nuclei (9 to 10), and undetectable in the cochleas. The distribution of glutamate decarboxylase activity reflected that of γ-aminobutyrate. The activities of choline acetyltransferase (nmol · of acetylcholine synthesized · h · -1 mg of protein-1) were highest in the superior olives (60) and low in the cochleas (3). These results are interpreted as biochemical support for previous physiological and pharmacological identification of the olivo-cochlear bundle as cholinergic and the cochlear-nucleus neurones as non-cholinergic. The results also provide further evidence for a role of GABA in the posterior colliculi, but not in the cochleas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00238524
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of metabolic inhibitors on evoked activity and the energy state of hippocampal slices superfused in vitro (1985)
    Springer
    Experimental brain research 57 (1985), S. 464-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1106
    Keywords: Glucose metabolism ; Hippocampal ; Evoked activity ; Energy metabolism ; Inhibitors
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of the metabolic inhibitors, arsenate (1,10 mM), iodoacetate (1 mM), α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (αC4HC: 0.05, 0.15, 0.5 mM), malonate (10 mM) and 2,4-dinitrophenol (10 μM) on granule cell evoked activity and levels of energy metabolites of superfused hippocampal slices were investigated. Every inhibitor tested decreased the amplitudes of the population spikes, and also to a lesser extent, the rates of rise of EPSP. The effects were essentially reversible except in the case of iodoacetate. Concentrations of inhibitors, sufficient to depress evoked activity by at least 75%, did not significantly decrease tissue levels of phosphocreatine, ATP or total K+, with the exception of 1 mM iodoacetate. In slices superfused with 10 mM arsenate, 0.5 mM aC4HC, 10 mM malonate or 10 μm 2,4-dinitrophenol, the threshold EPSP for population spike generation was significantly higher than in inhibitor-free medium. These results are discussed in relation to the potential importance of non-oxidative glucose metabolism in maintaining evoked activity, and the possibility that during metabolic insults, tissue ATP utilisation is decreased to match reduced cytoplasmic ATP supply.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00237833
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolism of [U-13C5]Glutamine in Cultured Astrocytes Studied by NMR Spectroscopy: First Evidence of Astrocytic Pyruvate Recycling (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 67 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Metabolism of [U-13C5]glutamine was studied in primary cultures of cerebral cortical astrocytes in the presence or absence of extracellular glutamate. Perchloric acid extracts of the cells as well as redissolved lyophilized media were subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry to identify 13C-labeled metabolites. Label from glutamine was found in glutamate and to a lesser extent in lactate and alanine. In the presence of unlabeled glutamate, label was also observed in aspartate. It could be clearly demonstrated that some [U-13C5]glutamine is metabolized through the tricarboxylic acid cycle, although to a much smaller extent than previously shown for [U-13C5]glutamate. Lactate formation from tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates has previously been demonstrated. It has, however, not been demonstrated that pyruvate, formed from glutamate or glutamine, may reenter the tricarboxylic acid cycle after conversion to acetyl-CoA. The present work demonstrates that this pathway is active, because [4,5-13C2]glutamate was observed in astrocytes incubated with [U-13C5]glutamine in the additional presence of unlabeled glutamate. Furthermore, using mass spectrometry, mono-labeled alanine, glutamate, and glutamine were detected. This isotopomer could be derived via the action of pyruvate carboxylase using 13CO2 produced within the mitochondria or from labeled intermediates that had stayed in the tricarboxylic acid cycle for more than one turn.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67062566.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Interrelationship between Glucose Utilization of Brain and Heart (1963)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 197 (1963), S. 869-870 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] IT has been demonstrated1 that brain can accumulate carbon-14 and retain it for a considerable period after tho introduction of glucose-u-14C into the circulation of the rat. The carbon-14 from glucose carbon which accumulates in the brain is rapidly converted into glutamic and aspartic acids1. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/197869a0
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Plant Thioglycosides and the Problem of Endemic Goitre in Australia (1960)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 185 (1960), S. 80-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] CELEMENTS and Wishart1 have suggested that an \^4 appreciable amount of endemic goitre in certain areas of Tasmania may be due to a goitrogen present in the milk of cows fed 'chou moellier'. Apart from other evidence, milk and extracts of skim milk from chou moellier-fed cows were found to depress ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/185080a0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Glucose-phosphorylating Enzyme with High Km in Human Brain (1967)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 215 (1967), S. 959-960 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In the tissues where it has been found, activities of glucokinase have been shown to be affected by fasting, post-natal development, insulin and alloxan diabetes1?3'8. The report9 that the human brain is sensitive to insulin, although the response is slower than that of peripheral tissues, led me ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/215959a0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain Levels of NADH and NAD+ Under Hypoxic and Hypoglycaemic Conditions In Vitro (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 51 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of hypoxia and hypoglycaemia on the redox state in vitro have been studied. NADH and NAD+ were extracted simultaneously from superfused cerebral cortex slices and assayed by bioluminescence. The results show a nonsignificant increase in NADH and the redox ratio in „mild hypoxia,” whereas „severe hypoxia” produced an increase of over 200% in NADH and in the NADH/NAD+ ratio. When the glucose in the incubation medium was reduced from its control value of 10 mM to 0.5 mM, significant decreases in NADH and the redox ratio to 60% of control value were observed. Further decreasing the glucose to 0.2 mM gave lower levels of NADH and the redox ratio (40% of control). The effects on the redox state of alternative substrates to glucose were also tested. Re placement of glucose by 10 mM pyruvate decreased the NADH by 77% and the NADH/NAD+ ratio by 79%. Replacement of glucose with 10 mM lactate gave decreases of 70% and 71%, respectively, whereas in the presence of 15 mM 2-deoxyglucose and 5 mM glucose, the NADH was decreased by 56% and the ratio by 50%. The results are discussed in relation to levels of creatine phosphate and ATP, as well as evoked action potentials, observed from parallel studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb04851.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in Intracellular Free Magnesium During Hypoglycaemia and Hypoxia in Cerebral Tissue as Calculated from 31p-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 53 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: 3lP-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of super-fused cerebral tissues were obtained under normal, hypogly-caemic, and hypoxic conditions. Concentrations of free intracellular magnesium were calculated from differences in chemical shifts between the α- and β-resonances of the nucleoside phosphates. Control levels of 0.33 mM were significantly increased to 0.52 mM in hypoglycaemia and to 0.57 mM in severe hypoxia. Removal of calcium from the superfusing medium increased the free intracellular Mg2+ concentration to 0.63 mM
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07338.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on DNA Damage and Repair in the Mammalian Brain (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 51 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: Methods for studying breaks in DNA strands and their repair, originally developed for prokaryotes and cultured cell lines, have been applied to preparations from rat brain. The relative sensitivities of these methods, which include alkaline sucrose density gradient sedimentation, nucleoid sedimentation, and ADP-ribosyltransferase assay, are compared.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01103.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Developmental and Age-Related Changes in Rat Brain Glycosaminoglycans (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 51 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The quantities of each major class of glycosaminoglycan were determined in rat cerebrum from postnatal day 5 to 30 months of age. Chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate, heparan sulphate, heparin, and hyaluronate were found, but no keratan sulphate was detected. Large and rapid changes in glycosaminoglycan content were observed during the period of brain maturation, and thereafter relatively steady levels were maintained until after the age of 12 months. The most remarkable change in the aged rat cerebrum was the ratio by weight of hyaluronate to chondroitin sulphate, which was ∼ 1:1 from postnatal day 10 to 18 months but increased to 2.6:1 by the age of 30 months. In immature rats, the proportion of nonsulphated and 6–sulphated disaccharides derived from chondroitinase AC digests of brain glycosaminoglycans was much greater than in adults. In mature rats, chondroitin sulphate was composed almost entirely of 4–sulphated disaccharide subunits. The possibility that these changes could affect the permeability properties of the cerebral extracellular space and ionic equilibria in the brain is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01134.x
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