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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists (2005)
    Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 52 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract. This revision of the classification of unicellular eukaryotes updates that of Levine et al. (1980) for the protozoa and expands it to include other protists. Whereas the previous revision was primarily to incorporate the results of ultrastructural studies, this revision incorporates results from both ultrastructural research since 1980 and molecular phylogenetic studies. We propose a scheme that is based on nameless ranked systematics. The vocabulary of the taxonomy is updated, particularly to clarify the naming of groups that have been repositioned. We recognize six clusters of eukaryotes that may represent the basic groupings similar to traditional “kingdoms.” The multicellular lineages emerged from within monophyletic protist lineages: animals and fungi from Opisthokonta, plants from Archaeplastida, and brown algae from Stramenopiles.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phylogenetic Analysis of Coccidia Based on 18S rDNA Sequence Comparison Indicates that Isospora Is Most Closely Related to Toxoplasma and Neospora (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 45 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The phylogenetic relationships and taxonomic affinities of coccidia with isosporan-type oocysts have been unclear as overlapping characters, recently discovered life cycle features, and even recently discovered taxa. continue to be incorporated into biological classifications of the group. We determined the full or partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of three mammalian Isospora spp., Isospora felis, Isospora ohioensis and Isospora suis, and a Sarcocystis sp. of a rattlesnake, and used these sequences for a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Isospora and the cyst-forming coccidia. Various alveolate 18S rDNA sequences were aligned and analyzed using maximum parsimony to obtain a phylogenetic hypothesis for the group. The three Isospora spp. were found to be most closely related to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum. This clade in turn formed the sister group to the Sarcocystis spp. included in the analysis. The results confirm that the genus Isospora does not belong to the family Eimeriidae, but should be classified together with the cyst-forming coccidia in the family Sarcocystidae. Furthermore, there appear to be two lineages within the Sarcocystidae. One lineage comprises Isospora and the Toxoplasma/Neospora clade which share the characters of having a proliferative phase of development preceding gamogony in the definitive host and an exogenous phase of sporogony. The other lineage comprises the Sarcocystis spp. which have no proliferative phase in the definitive host and an endogenous phase of sporogony.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb04523.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of an Apically-Located Antigen That Is Conserved in Sporozoan Parasites (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 37 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . Sporozoan parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa all possess common apical structures. The current study used a monoclonal antibody (mAb-E12) to identify a conserved antigen in the apical region of merozoites of seven species of Plasmodium (including rodent, primate and human pathogens), tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii, bradyzoites of Sarcocystis bovis, and sporozoites and merozoites of Eimeria tenella and E. acervulina. The antigen was also present in sporozoites of haemosporinid parasites. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the antigen was restricted to the apical 3rd of these invasive stages. Using immunoelectron microscopy, labeling was demonstrated in the region of the polar ring, below the paired inner membranes of the parasite pellicle, and near the subpellicular microtubules radiating from the polar ring of merozoites and sporozoites of E. tenella. The majority of the antigen could be extracted with 1% Triton-X 100, but a portion remained associated with the cytoskeletal elements. The molecule has a relative rate of migration (Mr) of 47,000 in Plasmodium spp. and 43–46,000 in coccidian species. Since the epitope recognized by mAb-El 2 is highly conserved, restricted to motile stages, and appears to be associated with microtubules, this antigen could be involved in cellular motility and cellular invasion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1990.tb01262.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light and Electron Microscopic Observations on the Intraerythrocytic Development of Babesiosoma stableri (Apicomplexa, Dactylosomatidae) in Frogs from Algonquin Park, Ontario (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 33 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: . The intraerythrocytic development and ultrastructure of Babesiosoma stableri Schmittner & McGhee, 1961 are described from Rana catesbeiana and Rana septentrionalis from Algonquin Park, Ontario. Morphometric and chronological observations on B. stableri in an experimentally infected Rana pipiens support the hypothesis that two successive types of merogonic cycles occur within the erythrocytes of infected frogs; the first cycle gives rise to the second and the second cycle produces merozoites destined to become gamonts. Merozoites, meronts, and gamonts are described by light and electron microscopy. Merozoites are typically coccidian and have a trilaminate pellicle with micropores, approximately 40 sub-pellicular microtubules, an apical and posterior polar ring, a conoid with two accessory rings and a pair of intra-conoidal microtubules, three rhoptries and numerous micronemes, and a nucleus with a nucleolus and a paranuclear Golgi body. The gamonts are larger than merogonic stages and are isogamous. They have approximately 55 sub-pellicular microtubules and large stores of amylopectin. These observations indicate that the genus Babesiosoma should be transferred from the Family Haemohormidiidae (Piroplasmida, Piroplasmia) to the Family Dactylosomatidae (Eucoccidiida, Coccidia).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1986.tb05624.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trichonosema algonquinensis n. sp. (Phylum Microsporidia) in Pectinatella magnificd (Bryozoa: Phylactolaemata) from Algonquin Park, Ontario, Canada (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 51 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A new species of microsporidian, Trichonosema algonquinensis, is described from a freshwater bryozoan, Pectinatella magnifica from Ontario, Canada. The parasite develops in epithelial cells and appears as white, spherical masses throughout the tissues. Trichonosema algonquinensis is diplokaryotic, diploblastic and undergoes development in direct contact with the cytoplasm of the host cell. Mature spores are ovoid, tapered at one end, and measure 8.5 ± 0.3 × 4.4 ± 0.1 μm. The polar filament is wound in 20 to 23 helical coils. Although the parasite resembles T. pectinatellae described from the same host in Michigan and Ohio, it differs in the length of the spore and number of coils of the polar filament. Analysis of 16S rDNA by maximum likelihood, parsimony and Baysian inference, complements the morphological data in supporting the placement of T. algonquinensis as a sister species of T. pectinatellae.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.2004.tb00385.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Localization and immunogenicity of a low molecular weight antigen of Eimeria tenella (2000)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 86 (2000), S. 453-460 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A low molecular weight (LMW) antigen recognized by a murine monoclonal antibody (C34F1) was localized within endogenous stages of Eimeria tenella (USDA strain 80). Using indirect fluorescent antibody assay and immunoelectron microscopy, the LMW antigen was found in: sporozoites, first, second and third generation meronts, gamonts, unsporulated oocysts, and sporocysts. The antigen was observed in the cytoplasm and pellicle of the parasite, and in the parasitophorous vacuole, sporocyst walls and cytoplasm of infected host cells. The immunogenicity of this LMW antigen was assessed by antigen-specific serum antibody responses in chickens orally inoculated with live oocysts or injected intramuscularly with dead sporozoites. LMW antigen-specific serum antibodies were detected using Western blots of E. tenella sporozoites as early as 4 days after sporozoite injection and 6 days after oocyst inoculation. Unusually, the monoclonal antibody C34F1 reduced the binding of immune chicken serum to the antigen in a competitive antibody binding assay, but not the reverse, suggesting that there is a single, immunodominant epitope on this antigen.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050693
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial characterization of a non-proteinaceous, low molecular weight antigen of Eimeria tenella (2000)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 86 (2000), S. 461-466 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A low molecular weight (LMW) antigen of Eimeria tenella, initially identified using a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb C34F1) raised against E. tenella sporozoites, was partially characterized using enzymatic degradation, solvent extraction, and immunization into various inbred lines of mice. The LMW antigen could be isolated using Folch extraction (methanol/chloroform/water) and the epitope recognized by mAb C34F1 was resistant to degradation by α-amylase, pronase, and proteinase K, but was sensitive to sodium m-periodate treatment or digestion using mixed glycosidases (from Turbo cornutus). These observations suggest that the antigenic epitope recognized by mAb C34F1 is carbohydrate-dependent and, based on our ability to isolate the LMW antigen by Folch extraction, the epitope probably resides on a polar glycolipid. The inability of sporozoite-immunized nude mice to elicit a serum antibody response to this molecule indicates that it acts as a T-dependent antigen. Furthermore, sporozoite-immunized male CBA/N mice (with an X-linked immunodeficiency) also failed to elicit a serum antibody response to this molecule, which is consistent with a carbohydrate antigenic epitope. We propose that this antigenic molecule be designated ET-GL1 to reflect its origin and probable structure (E. tenella glycolipid 1).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050694
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Major histocompatibility complex class I- and II-deficient knock-out mice are resistant to primary but susceptible to secondary Eimeria papillata infections (1998)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 84 (1998), S. 394-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two distinct mechanisms seem to function in reducing oocyst output during Eimeria papillata infections in mice. For naive mice, immunity was afforded␣by␣a T-cell-independent gamma-interferon (IFN-γ) response mediated by natural killer (NK) cells. On reinfection, resistance was associated with T-cells and, to a lesser extent, perforin. To determine if antigen presentation with major histocompatibility complex␣(MHC) molecules was required to control oocyst production by NK cells during primary infection or by T-cells during secondary infection, mutant mice that lacked H2-IAβb (Aβb−/−) or β2-microglobulin (β2m−/−) were used. Since MHC molecules are required for the maturation of αβ T-cells, Aβb−/− and β2m−/− mutant mice are also deficient in functional αβ+CD4+ or αβ+CD8+ T-cells, respectively. As compared with wild-type control mice, oocyst output by mutant mice was not significantly affected during primary infection, suggesting that the ability of NK cells to control parasite replication is not dependent on the expression of MHC molecules. On reinfection, differences were observed for mutant mice as compared with controls. Aβb−/− mice were found to be more susceptible than β2m−/− mice, suggesting that the αβ+CD4+ T-cell subset plays a greater role in resistance to reinfection than does the αβ+CD8+ T-cell subset. The mechanism of resistance depends on the immune status of the host and requires the coordinated interaction of both αβ+ T-cell subsets for optimal parasite control during subsequent infections.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050416
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cryptosporidium is more closely related to the gregarines than to coccidia as shown by phylogenetic analysis of apicomplexan parasites inferred using small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences (1999)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 85 (1999), S. 899-904 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The phylogenetic placement of gregarine parasites (Apicomplexa: Gregarinasina) within the Apicomplexa was derived by comparison of small-subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences. Gregarine sequences were obtained from Gregarina niphandrodes Clopton, Percival, and Janovy, 1991, and Monocystis agilis Stein, 1848 (Eugregarinorida Léger 1900), as well as from Ophriocystiselektroscirrha McLaughlin and Myers, 1970 (Neogregarinorida Grassé 1953). The sequences were aligned with several other gregarine and apicomplexan sequences from GenBank and the resulting data matrix analyzed by parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods. The gregarines form a monophyletic clade that is a sister group to Cryptosporidium spp. The gregarine/Cryptosporidium clade is separate from the other major apicomplexan clade containing the coccidia, adeleids, piroplasms, and haemosporinids. The trees indicate that the genus Cryptosporidium has a closer phylogenetic affinity with the gregarines than with the coccidia. These results do not support the present classification of the Cryptosporidiidae in the suborder Eimerioirina Léger, 1911.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050655
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of immunogold-silver staining to visualize antibody-antigen complexes on LR white embedded tissues prior to electron microscopy (1990)
    New York, NY : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique 16 (1990), S. 83-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 0741-0581
    Keywords: Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1060160111
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