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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 79 (1957), S. 4697-4698 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 90 (1974), S. 275-295 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The hypothesis advanced by James W. Truman to explain the photoperiodically regulated circadian rhythm of adult eclosion in a Saturniid moth has been modified and extended to form the basis of a proposed Developmental Determination Model. This model postulates the synthesis of a hypothetical substance (S) and the kinetics of its metabolism in the presence or absence of light energy. The relationship of scotophase duration to the temporal occurrence of postulated “determination response thresholds” was estimated in the terms of the hypothetical model. The temporal position of a postulated “Determination Gate” was also approximated in terms of the model system. The characteristics of the proposed model were designed to be consistent with the observed effects of different 24-hour photoperiods on the incidence of diapause among larvae of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis. The proposed Determination Model was shown to be capable of generating all four types of photoperiodic diapause reponse curves reported in existing literature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 90 (1974), S. 297-310 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A model formulated to provide a theoretical basis for the interpretation of developmental responses to photoperiod is presented. Experimental data on the photoperiodic determination of diapause and non-diapause in the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, were used to estimate the required characteristics of the model. The prototype model, presented in the previous paper (I) of this series (Beck, 1974) postulated the existence of a photoperiodically regulated time period during which developmental alternatives are determined; this time period was called the Determination Gate (DG). The present study includes determination of the characteristics and kinetics of a model system [the (P)-system] underlying the temporal placement of DG. The effects of photophase duration on subsequent DG placement are also presented.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 195 (1962), S. 1222-1224 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Highnam5 reported that the neurosecretory cells of a sphingid moth contained no secretory granules early in the pupal diapause period. During three weeks of exposure to low temperature, the cells began to secrete granules that passed down the axons into the corpora cardiaca. After three weeks of ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 107 (1976), S. 97-111 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Dual System Theory of photoperiodic time measurement is shown to provide a satisfactory basis for the interpretation of: (1) photoperiodic determination of diapause; (2) effects of different photoperiodic regimes on circadian rhythms of adult eclosion; and (3) the phase response curve. A fundamental unity of photoperiodic time measurement in a wide variety of organisms is strongly suggested by the Dual System Theory.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 105 (1976), S. 267-277 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Dual System Theory of photoperiodic determination was found to be consistent with experimental data on diapause induction in response to skeleton photoperiods. Symmetrical and asymmetrical skeleton photoperiods of both diel and nondiel durations were investigated. The theoretical model was shown to predict accurately the incidence of diapause among larvae of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, that had been reared under the different photoperiodic regimes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 103 (1975), S. 227-245 
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Photoperiodic Determination Model proposed earlier (I, II) is further elaborated, and its applicability to nondiel photoperiods tested. Model-generated predictions of diapause incidences were in good agreement with observed incidences among larvae of the European corn borer,Ostrinia nubilalis, reared under photoperiods from 15 to 50 hrs duration with scotophases of from 9 to 18 hrs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 18 (1975), S. 1-16 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die gebräuchlichen Techniken zur Zucht von pflanzensaugenden Insekten an künstlichen Diäten können nur relativ kleine Populationen liefern. Darüber hinaus hat der manuelle Aufwand, der für die Unterhaltung laufender Kulturen verschiedener Versuchsgruppen erforderlich ist, Ernährungsversuche mit pflanzensaugenden Insekten begrenzt. Zur Verbesserung dieser Situation wurde ein automatisches Zuchtsystem für laufende Zuchten der Erbsenlaus an holidischen Diäten konstruiert. Dieses System besteht aus Gefrierkammern, Diätflaschen, Verteilernetz, Pumpen und Diätkammern. Diese letzteren sind Teflonscheiben mit Rinnen, die als Doppelspiralmuster in eine der Oberflächen eingegraben sind. Daraus wird ein membranbedeckter Kanal durch Überziehen der Doppelspirale mit Parafilm. Durch diese Kanäle wird dreimal die Woche Diät gepumpt. Ein programmierbarer Zeitgeber regelt das System über längere Zeit hin. Dabei lassen sich Eintritt, Dauer und Reihenfolge der Abläufe leicht programmieren. Nur einmal in zwei Wochen müssen leere Flaschen durch volle ersetzt und alte Diätkammern durch neue ausgetauscht werden. Blattläuse können an den im System angeschlossenen Diätkammern leicht beobachtet werden; ebenso gut können diese Kammern, wenn nötig, für eine Inspektion vom System abgenommen werden. Das hier beschriebene automatische Zuchtsystem besitzt grosse technische Vorteile für die Massenproduktion von saugenden Insekten. Der hier entwickelte Zeitgeber ist verwendbar für die Automation von Systemen, die zu komplex für konventionelle Zeitgeber sind, aber auch nicht die Kapazitäten eines Prozessrechners erfordern.
    Notes: Abstract Current techniques for rearing plant-sucking insects on artificial diets can support only relatively small populations. Moreover, the manual effort required to maintain continuous cultures of several experimental groups has limited nutritional research on plant-sucking insects. To alleviate these problems, an automated-rearing system was devised to maintain continuous cultures of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, on holidic diets. The automated system is comprised of freezers, diet bottles, distribution networks, pumps, and diet chambers. The latter are Teflon® discs with grooves cut in a double-spiral pattern on one face. A membrane-covered channel is formed by bonding Parafilm® over the double spiral. Diet is pumped through the channels of the diet chambers three times a week. A programmable sequence timer controls the system for extended periods of time. The occurrence, duration, and order of the sequences may be easily reprogrammed. Once every 2 weeks, the system requires replacing empty bottles of diet with full ones and exchanging new diet chambers for old ones. Aphids are easily inspected with the diet chambers connected to the system or, if desired, the diet chambers can be disconnected for inspection away from the rearing facility. The automated-rearing system described here should be a great technological asset for the mass production of haustellate insects. The timer developed for the system is applicable for the automation of systems that are too complex for conventional timers but do not require the capabilities of process-control computers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Entomologia experimentalis et applicata 7 (1964), S. 241-248 
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Maiszünsler, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.), wurde zufriedenstellend mit einer meridischen (meridic) Diät aufgezogen, die kein pflanzliches Rohmaterial enthielt. Es zeigte sich, daß zur normalen Entwicklung der Raupen zu dieser Diät Ascorbinsäure zugesetzt werden muß. Es wird wahrscheinlich gemacht, daß der Mais-Blattfaktor (CLF), der in sprühgetrocknetem Luzernesaft enthalten ist, mit Ascorbinsäure identisch ist. Die Larven wuchsen an der ergänzten Weizenkeimlingsdiät besser als an Diäten, bei denen die Weizenkeimlinge durch staubförmige Cellulose, vitaminfreies Kasein und Maisöl oder Weizenkeimlingsöl ersetzt war. Diese Befunde lassen vermuten, daß zum optimalen Wachstum ein anderer, in Weizenkeimlingen enthaltener Faktor erforderlich ist. Die Entdeckung der Ascorbinsäure als Mais-Blattfaktor ermöglicht die Entwicklung einer holidischen (holidic) Diät für dieses Insekt. Solch eine holidische Diät wird jedoch solange unteroptimal sein, bis der Faktor in Weizenkeim bestimmt ist.
    Notes: Abstract The European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.), has been reared satisfactorily on a meridic diet containing no crude plant material. Ascorbic acid has been shown to be a necessary component of this diet for normal development of the larvae. Evidence is presented of the identity of the corn leaf factor (CLF), contained in spray-dried alfalfa juice, with ascorbic acid. The larvae grew better on a wheat germ supplemented diet than on the diets in which wheat germ was replaced with powdered cellulose, vitamin-free casein and corn oil or wheat germ oil. These data suggested that another factor, present in wheat germ, was required for optimal larval growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 148 (1974), S. 287-300 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Symbiotes ; Aphids ; Antibiotics ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effects of penicillin and chlortetracyline HCl on the fine structure of the intracellular symbiotes of the pea aphid were studied in an attempt to remove the symbiote population. High penicillin concentrations, 1% and 0.1%, caused symbiote breakdown but were toxic and/or repellent to the aphids; at 0.1% specific effects were observed on the symbiotes' cell walls. After the use of 0.01% penicillin in the aphid diet, the symbiotes had abnormal cell walls and were abnormally dilated; however, symbiote division and transmission from one aphid generation to the next seemed unaffected and the aphids appeared normal. Aphids fed 0.1% chlortetracycline failed to reproduce. After 7 days, their symbiotes were found to break down at a high rate but aphid mitochondria were also adversely affected at this stage. Following 0.002% chlortetracycline, the aphids produced aposymbiotic progeny with apparently normal mitochondrial populations; these larvae failed to develop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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