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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Analytical chemistry 24 (1952), S. 1184-1885 
    ISSN: 1520-6882
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Journal of the American Chemical Society 43 (1921), S. 916-919 
    ISSN: 1520-5126
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 33 (1997), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Pillar failure ; Void migration ; Burning coal seams ; Spoil heaps ; Acid mine drainage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Mining in the Witbank Coalfield commenced at the turn of the century. Initially there was little environmental degradation associated with mining activities; however, in the late 1930s and early 1940s a pillar-robbing programme commenced. At one particular mine this has had marked effects on the environment. Primary effects include subsidence, the appearance of tension cracks at the surface and crownhole development. Secondary effects include spontaneous combustion of the coal worked, as air has been provided with ready access to the mine, accelerated subsidence due to the strength of many pillars being reduced by burning, and a marked deterioration in groundwater quality in the area. Spoil heaps also form blemishes on the landscape. These contain significant amounts of coal and have undergone spontaneous combustion. The deterioration in the water quality has led to the decimation of vegetation in some areas and the eradication of aquatic flora and fauna in a nearby stream.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 1029-1038 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Landslides ; Colluvial soils ; Critical precipitation coefficient ; Excess groundwater ; Artesian conditions ; Liquefaction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract In the last 25 years, many of the landslides that have occurred in the greater Durban region have been associated with the colluvial soils overlying the Natal Group, most of which occurred during the very heavy rains of September 1987. Subsequently, a very heavy rainfall event in February 1999 also gave rise to landslides. In fact, prior to 1987 these colluvial soils were considered relatively stable. A critical precipitation coefficient has been developed which included the cumulative precipitation up to a landslide event. In addition, an attempt has been made to establish a threshold value for triggering of landslides for the colluvial soils from a study of pluviometric data. The results indicate that when a rainfall event exceeds 12% of the mean annual rainfall, small-scale landslides are likely to occur. When a rainfall event is greater than 16% of the mean annual rainfall, a moderate number of landslides take place. Major landslides are associated with rainfall events with intensities in excess of 20% of the mean annual precipitation. An example of a landslide which occurred on the Natal Group due to construction operations is provided, as well as an account of those which took place during September 1987. In the latter case, most of the slides took the form of mudflows and were responsible for some of the worst damage which has occurred in the Durban region. The colluvial soils involved were relatively thin and therefore became quickly saturated by the heavy rainfall. In some places the situation was further aggravated by liquefaction of the soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 40 (2000), S. 121-134 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Keywords Contamination ; Dereliction ; Desk studies ; Foundation remnants ; Rehabilitation ; Site investigation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Contaminated and possibly hazardous ground represents a problem in all of the industrialized countries of the world. The investigation of a site that is suspected of being contaminated differs somewhat from a routine site investigation. Sampling of soils, groundwater and gas-producing material may be required. Various precautions may be necessary in doing this and operatives may have to wear protective clothing. Four case histories have been chosen to illustrate different aspects of the rehabilitation of abandoned contaminated land, namely, investigation, assessment, ground treatment and redevelopment. The first comes from Leeds in West Yorkshire, England, and outlines how a site investigation was undertaken and the nature of the contamination present, together with a note on the suggested redevelopment. The remaining three case histories are taken from the heavily industrialized district of the Ruhr in Germany, where extensive mining of coal and associated industries were developed from the mid-19th century onwards. The first considers the site of the former Graf Moltke mine near Essen. In this instance, the somewhat novel methods of data assessment and ground treatment are dealt with. The Mont Cenis site at Herne-Sodingen is one of the more notable old mining/industrial sites undergoing redevelopment in the state of North Rhine Westphalia. Hence, the case history concentrates of this aspect of rehabilitation. This involves not only the construction of new and interesting structures but an attempt to reduce energy consumption in an attempt to effect the concept of sustainable development of an urban area. The last example deals with the abandoned site of the Minister Achenbach mine at Lünen, where the ground conditions were further complicated by the presence of old bomb craters that had been filled with a variety of materials. In addition, because of the suspected presence of former foundation structures in the ground an electromagnetic survey was carried out across part of the site, the areas of high conductivity suggesting their presence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 39 (2000), S. 925-936 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Groundwater ; Aquifers ; Yield ; Recharge ; Quality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 40 (2000), S. 135-152 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Keywords Abandoned mines ; Brine pumping ; Longwall mining ; Pillar failure ; Void migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  The impact of mining subsidence on the environment can occasionally be very catastrophic, destroying property and even leading to the loss of life. Usually, however, such subsidence gives rise to varying degrees of structural damage that can range from slight to very severe. Different types of mineral deposits have been mined in different ways and this determines the nature of the associated subsidence. Some mining methods result in contemporaneous subsidence whereas, with others, subsidence may occur long after the mine workings have been abandoned. In the latter instance, it is more or less impossible to predict the effects or timing of subsidence. A number of different mineral deposits have been chosen to illustrate the different types of associated subsidence that result and the problems that arise. The examples provided are gold mining in the Johannesburg area; bord and pillar mining of coal in the Witbank Coalfield, South Africa; longwall mining of coal in the Ruhr district; mining of chalk and limestone in Suffolk and the West Midlands, respectively; and solution mining of salt in Cheshire. These mineral deposits have often been worked for more than 100 years and, therefore, a major problem results from abandoned mines, especially those at shallow depth, the presence of which is unrecorded. Abandoned mines at shallow depth can represent a serious problem in areas that are being developed or redeveloped. Abstraction of natural brine has given rise to subsidence with its own particular problems and cannot be predicted. Although such abstraction is now inconsequential in Cheshire, dereliction associated with past subsidence still remains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 7 (1967), S. 185-200 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 14 Schafe wurden einer 4–30 min dauernden cerebralen Ischämie ausgesetzt. Nach vorheriger beidseitiger Ligatur der occipito-vertebralen Anastomosen zwischen Carotis communis und den Vertebralarterien wurde durch gleichzeitige Klipsung beider Carotiden die Ischämie herbeigeführt. Die klinischen Erscheinungen, die dem Kollaps folgten, bestanden in: Defäkation, abnormer Atmung, die in einigen Fällen von wiederholten Apnoeanfällen unterbrochen wurde, sowie Verlust der Augenreflexe. Bei allen Tieren entwickelte sich ein Zustand ähnlich der Enthirnungsstarre. 1 Tier starb nach 17 min dauernder cerebraler Ischämie. Die Schnelligkeit und der Grad der Erholung der Schafe nach erfolgter Wiederherstellung der Schädelzirkulation war umgekehrt proportional zur Dauer der cerebralen Ischämie. 24 Std nach der ischämischen Episode erschienen 6 Schafe voll wiederhergestellt, 5 boten noch Blindheit und Ataxie, 1 blieb liegen und war comatös. Inden Gehirnen von Schafen, die kürzer als 10 min der Behandlung unterworfen waren, fanden sich keine Veränderungen. Länger dauernde cerebrale Ischämie bewirkte Nervenzellveränderungen, die zuerst im Striatum und/oder in der Hirnrinde, später auch in Hippocampus, Thalamus und Kleinhirn erschienen. Die Art und Verteilung der Hirnläsionen war ähnlich den bei anderen Tierarten beschriebenen. Die Wirksamkeit der Methode zur Erzeugung kompletter cerebraler Ischämie und verschiedener Aspekte der im Schafhirn gefundenen ischämischen Läsionen werden erörtert.
    Notes: Summary Fourteen sheep were subjected to periods of cerebral ischaemia varying from 4–30 min. After prior bilateral ligation of the occipito-vertebral anastomoses linking the common carotid and vetebral arteries, ischaemia was induced by simultaneous clamping of both common carotic arteries resected into cutaneous loops. The clinical signs following collapse were: defaecation, abnormal breathing, in some cases interrupted by repeated periods of apnoea, and loss of ocular reflexes. In all a state resembling decerebrate rigidity developed. One animal died after 17 min of cerebral ischaemia. The rapidity and degree of recovery of the sheep following restoration of the cephalic circulation was inversely proportional to the duration of cerebral ischaemia. Twenty four hours after the ischaemic episode six sheep appeared to have fully recovered, five still showed signs of blindness and ataxia, and one was recumbent and comatose. No lesions were found in brains of sheep subjected to the method for up to 10 min. Longer cerebral ischaemia produced neuronal changes which were first apparent in the striatum and/or cerebral cortex, later also in the hippocampus, thalamus and cerebellum. The nature and the distribution of the brain lesions were similar to those observed by other workers in other species. The efficacy of the method for producing complete cerebral ischaemia and various aspects of ischaemic lesions found in the brain of sheep are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 32 (1997), S. 191-202 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Keywords: Key words Contaminated ground ; Site characterization ; Estuarine sedimentation ; Particle-bound contaminants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Contaminated ground forms a problem in all of the industrialized countries of the world. Contaminated ground may give rise to hazards and that implies a degree of risk which also involves a problem of definition. The investigation of a site which is suspected of being contaminated differs somewhat from a routine site investigation. Sampling of soil, groundwater and gas-producing material may be required. Various precautions may be necessary to do this and personnel may have to wear protective clothing. The first case history considered involves a site investigation for a relief sewer in Glasgow. As the site investigation progressed it ran into made-ground which contained chemical waste. The presence of this waste meant that the nature of the investigation changed and much more stringent safety precautions had to be taken. It also meant that the initial location of the sewer tunnel had to be repositioned at greater depth in uncontaminated sandstone rather than in the superficial deposits above. The other case history considers the contamination of sediments in the Forth Estuary. When trace metals are released into the water column they can be transferred rapidly to the sediment phase by adsorption onto suspended particulate matter, followed by sedimentation. Intertidal flats may be considered as important trace metal sinks since they accumulate large amounts of suspended matter. Hence, in polluted estuaries the deposition of suspended particles on intertidal flats may thus cause severe contamination. The Forth Estuary has unique contamination for British estuaries; it is experiencing significant Hg pollution. In addition, due to the presence of a nuclear submarine base in the Forth Estuary, 60Co is detectable in the intertidal sediments. Temporal and spatial contamination patterns were analysed in relation to historical and present pollution point sources. The effect of fluvial and marine sediment mixing on trace metals and other processes controlling contaminant levels is reviewed. Preliminary results on quantifying sediment accretion rates using Caesium levels are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Environmental geology 16 (1990), S. 75-81 
    ISSN: 1432-0495
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Interest in the preservation of rapidly decaying monuments, especially in urban areas, has increased appreciably over the last three decades. A stone preservative can be defined as a chemical treatment, which, when applied to stone, combats the harmful effects of time and environment, thereby prolonging the life of a stone by either restoring its physical integrity or by inhibiting its decay. Any preservative applied to stone must not change the natural appearance or architectural value of the stone to any appreciable extent. There are two principal means by which stone can be preserved. One involves the formation of an outer stabilized zone around the stone; the other alters the chemical composition of the stone. A number of examples of stone preservation carried out on ancient monuments in the United Kingdom are taken to illustrate stone preservation methods. Their relative success is evaluated, and some more recent developments in stone preservation referred to.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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