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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of photodynamic therapy with topical application of 5-aminolevulinic acid on normal skin of hairless guinea pigs
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 15 (1992), S. 239-251 
    Details
    ISSN: 1011-1344
    Keywords: 5-aminolevulinic acid ; Photodynamic theraphy ; protoporphyrin IX ; stratum corneum ; tape stripped.
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/1011-1344(92)85128-H
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Photodynamic efficiency of liposome-administered tetramethyl hematoporphyrin in two human bladder cancer cell lines (1995)
    Springer
    Urological research 23 (1995), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Bladder carcinoma ; Tetramethyl hematoporphyrin ; Liposomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The main problems presented by superficial bladder carcinoma, its high recurrence rate and multifocal appearance, require treatment of the bladder as a whole. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one such experimental treatment for superficial bladder carcinoma, involving the administration of a photosensitizer that accumulates in the tumor tissue, and subsequent irradiation of the tumor with light. Since the photosensitizers used in PDT suffer from several drawbacks, new photosensitizers are being sought. Drug delivery systems are also being investigated for the administration of hydrophobic photosensitizers and enhancement of photodynamic efficiency and tumor selectivity. In this study we examined a new photosensitizer, tetramethyl hematoporphyrin (TMHP), in two human bladder cancer cell lines. In the first pair of the experiments, TMHP was bound to unilamellar liposomes. Cellular uptake, dark toxicity and photodynamic efficiency were then studied. Fluorescence microscopy showed TMHP localization in the cytoplasm in a perinuclear region, sparing the nucleus. Dark toxicity occurred after incubation of cells with TMHP above a concentration of 20 μg/ml. Irradiation was carried out using an argon-pumped dye laser emitting a wavelength of 630 nm at a fluence of 3.6 and 7.2 J/cm2. Before irradiation, cells were incubated with TMHP at concentrations of 2.5 and 5 μg/ml for 1 h. Cell survival rates after incubation with 5 μg/ml TMHP and irradiation at 7.2 J/cm2 were 15.7% of control cells for Rec and 4.5% for Waf cells. Uptake studies showed a higher intracellular TMHP concentration in Waf than in Rec cells. This correlates with the higher PDT efficiency seen in Waf cells. Our results show that TMHP can be encapsulated into unilamellar liposomes without losing its photodynamic efficiency. TMHP is taken up by human bladder carcinoma cells after an incubation time of only 1 h. This short incubation time seems to be appropriate for an intravesical instillation of the photosensitizer for PDT in bladder cancer patients. Intravesical instillation might demonstrate higher phototoxic efficiency with reduced side effects. TMHP acts as a potent photosensitizer and shows drug- and light-dose-dependent cell destruction. Thus, TMHP has the potential for use in PDT in bladder cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00389566
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of two routes of photosensitizer administration for photodynamic therapy of bladder cancer (1994)
    Springer
    Urological research 22 (1994), S. 21-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Bladder cancer ; Photodynamic therapy ; Intravenous injection ; Intravesical instillation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Photodynamic therapy (PDT) consists in administration of a photosensitizer and subsequent irradiation of the tumor with visible light. Routinely the photosensitizer is given intravenously (i.v.). The goal of our study was to examine whether intravesical (i.b.) instillation of the photosensitizer for PDT of bladder cancer might be feasible. Therefore, the uptake of chlor-aluminum-sulfonated phthalocyanine (CASPc) in bladder, bladder tumor, skin, and muscle in a rat bladder cancer model after i.v. injection and i.b instillation was compared. The efficacy of PDT after either method of administration was also evaluated. The CASPc concentration in bladder tumor after i.v. injection was approximately 1.5-fold that after i.b. instillation. The ratio of CASPc concentration between bladder tumor and normal bladder was approximately 2:1 after administration by either route. There was no systemic absorption of CASPc after i.b. instillation; hence no systemic side effects are expected. PDT showed similar effects on bladder tumor after either method of administration, but less side effects on normal bladder wall after i.b instillation. Our results demonstrate that i.b. instillation of CASP for PDT of superficial bladder cancer seems to have advantages over i.v. injection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431544
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aminolevulinic acid for photodynamic therapy of bladder carcinoma cells (1996)
    Springer
    Urological research 24 (1996), S. 285-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-0879
    Keywords: Bladder cancer ; Photodynamic therapy ; Aminolevulinic acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A new concept in photosensitizing tumor cells is photosensitizer synthesis in situ. Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PP IX), a potent photosensitizer. The goal of our study was to examine dark toxicity, phototoxic potential, metabolism of ALA and morphological alterations in Waf bladder cancer cells. Dark toxicity of Waf cells was observed after incubation with ALA, beginning at a concentration of 15 mM. Photodynamic treatment with ALA at concentrations of 1,5 and 10 mM showed a drug- and light-dose-dependent cell survival rate in comparison to a control group. Two incubation times of 3.5 and 5.5 h were compared for cell survival. After a longer incubation time of 5.5 h, cell survival was decreased in all experiments; this is consistent with our extraction data where higher fluorescence was found after 5.5 than after 3.5 h. The results show that ALA-induced photosensitization has a high potential for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of superficial bladder carcinoma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00304778
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lymph node staging for urinary bladder carcinoma with positron emission tomography (PET) (1999)
    Springer
    Der Urologe 38 (1999), S. 46-50 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0563
    Keywords: Key words Bladder cancer • Lymph node staging • Positron emission tomography • FDG ; Schlüsselwörter Harnblasenkarzinom • Lymphknotenstaging • Positronenemissionstomographie • FDG
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Positronenemissionstomographie (PET) stellt ein neues bildgebendes Verfahren dar, mit der Stoffwechselvorgänge und nicht morphologische Veränderungen untersucht werden können. Da Tumoren eine erhöhte Glykolyse aufweisen, können diese mittels radioaktiv markierter Glukose und PET nachgewiesen werden. Dieser Ansatz hat sich bereits bei unterschiedlichen Tumorentitäten bewährt. In dieser Studie wurde die PET beim Lymphknotenstaging des Harnblasenkarzinoms untersucht. Bei 64 Patienten wurde präoperativ eine PET des Beckens nach i. v.-Injektion von Fluor-Deoxy-Glukose (FDG) durchgeführt, so daß der PET-Befund mit dem histologischen Befund des Operationspräparates nach klassischem operativen Lymphknotenstaging verglichen werden konnte. Beim Lymphknotenstaging wurden bei 14 Patienten positive Lymphknoten richtig erkannt; ein falsch-negatives Ergebnis trat bei 7 Patienten auf. Bei 37 Patienten wurden die Lymphknoten als richtig-negativ bewertet, 6mal war ein falsch-positives Ergebnis erzielt worden. Aus diesen Daten errechnet sich eine Sensitivität von 67 %, eine Spezifität von 86 % und eine Treffsicherheit von 80 %. Somit sind die PET-Ergebnisse ermutigend und scheinen besser zu sein als die klassischen Stagingverfahren, wie CT und MRT.
    Notes: Summary PET is a new method in nuclear medicine which examines the metabolism and not the morphology. Tumors show a higher rate of glycolysis than benign tissue and hence can be detected by radioactive glucose. This method has proved good for various tumors. In this study the lymph node staging of bladder cancer by PET was investigated. In 64 patients a PET of the pelvis after injection of fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) was carried out preoperatively; the PET-results were compared with the histology of the OR specimen after classical pelvic lymphadenectomy. For lymph node staging positive nodes were found in 14 patients which was correct; a false-negative result was obtained in 7 patients. In 37 patients the PET-result was true-negative and in 6 patients false-positive resulting in a sensitivity of 67 %, a specificity of 86 % and an accuracy of 80 %. Therefore, our PET results are encouraging and seem to be better than those obtained by classical staging procedures such as CT or MRI.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001200050244
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Is retrograde ureteropyelography prior to pyeloplasty necessary in children? (1997)
    Springer
    Der Urologe 36 (1997), S. 335-338 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0563
    Keywords: Key words Obstruction of ureteropelvic junction • Retrograde ureteropyelography • Pyeloplasty ; Schlüsselwörter Harnleiterabgangsstenose • Nierenbeckenplastik • Retrograde Ureteropyelographie
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bei einer Harnleiterabgangsstenose im Kindesalter stehen für die Basisdiagnostik die Sonographie, das Miktionszysturethrogramm (MCU), das Ausscheidungsurogramm (AUG) und die Isotopennephrographie (ING) in Kombination mit einer Furosemid-Belastung zur Verfügung. Zur weiteren Abklärung wird vielfach eine retrograde oder antegrade Harnleiterdarstellung gefordert, wobei die Notwendigkeit hierzu in der Weltliteratur kontrovers beurteilt wird. Wir haben daher die präoperative Diagnostik von 41 Kindern, die wegen einer Ureterabgangsstenose operiert wurden, bezüglich einer kompletten präoperativen Beurteilung des Harnleiters ausgewertet. Bei 9 Kindern konnte durch das AUG, MCU oder eine antegrade Ureteropyelographie eine Aussage über den Harnleiter getroffen werden. Bei 21 Kindern wurde direkt vor der Operation eine retrograde Darstellung durchgeführt; bei 11 Kindern war keine Harnleiterdarstellung erfolgt. Die retrograde Ureteropyelographie erbrachte bei keinem Patienten eine relevante Zusatzinformation und änderte somit nichts am operativen Vorgehen. Bei allen Kindern ohne präoperative Harnleiterdarstellung ergab sich intraoperativ kein Hinweis auf eine Zweitanomalie. Die aktuellen Daten sprechen dafür, auf eine retrograde Harnleiterdarstellung vor einer Nierenbeckenplastik im Kindesalter verzichten zu können, vorausgesetzt der Harnleiter ist im Sonogramm nicht dilatiert.
    Notes: Summary For routine evaluation of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in children, sonography, voiding cystogram, IV pyelogram and a renal scan in combination with administration of furosemide are available. Furthermore, often preoperative antegrade or retrograde ureteropyelography is performed. However, the significance of retrograde ureteropyelography in the world literature remains controversial. Therefore, we reviewed the records of 41 children who underwent a pyeloplasty in our department. In 9 children the ureter was visualized by IV pyelogram, voiding cystogram or antegrade ureteropyelography; a retrograde examination of the ureter was performed in 21 children before pyeloplasty in the OR. In 11 children the ureter was not visualized preoperatively. Retrograde ureterography neither gave additional information in any patient nor did it change the operative technique. In the children where the ureter was not visualized preoperatively, no ureteric abnormality was found in association with ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Hence, we conclude that retrograde ureteropyelography before pyeloplasty in children is not necessary, provided that sonography does not show ureteral dilatation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001200050107
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Radiation exposure resulting from digital voiding cystourethrography in children. How much is due to fluoroscopy? (1997)
    Springer
    Der Urologe 36 (1997), S. 181-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-0563
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Flächendosisprodukt ; Dosimetrie ; Durchleuchtung ; Radiographie ; Miktionszysturethrographie ; Key words Dose-area product ; Dosimetry ; Fluoroscopy ; Radiography ; Voiding cystourethrography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Objective: Determination of the proportion of the dose-area product caused by fluoroscopy at voiding cystourethrography in children, using digital image intensifier technology. Patients and methods: Using computer-assisted dosimetry, we determined the dose-area product and the respective proportions of the dose-area product caused by fluoroscopy and radiography as well as the number of radiographs taken at a given examination of 40 children (8 children less than 2 years old, 15 children between 2 and 6 years old and 17 children between 6 and 15 years old). Results: The computer software program correctly differentiated between fluoroscopy and radiography in 80 % of cases. Incorrect results were primarily observed in newborns and young children. The total radiation dose ranged in relation to patient age from 22 to 651 cGy × cm2. Fluoroscopy was responsible for an average 78 % of the applied radiation dose. Conclusion: Computer-assisted dosimetry is useful in determining the proportion of the dose-area product caused by fluoroscopy in older children undergoing voiding cystourethrography. When image intensifier technology is used, this accounts for more than 75 % of the total radiation dose. The method is not suitable for use in small children.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ziel: Bestimmung des Anteils der Durchleuchtung am Gesamtflächendosisprodukt beim Kindermiktionszysturethrogramm in digitaler Bildverstärkertechnik. Material und Methode: Bei 40 Kindern (8 Kinder 〈 2 Jahre, 15 Kinder zwischen 2 und 6 Jahren und 17 Kinder zwischen 6 und 15 Jahren) wurden PC-gestützt die Anzahl der Zielaufnahmen, deren Anteil am Gesamtflächendosisprodukt sowie der durchleuchtungsbedingte Anteil am Gesamtflächendosisprodukt ermittelt. Ergebnisse: In 80 % der Fälle ermöglichte der Einsatz des Computerprogramms eine korrekte Differenzierung zwischen Fluoroskopie und Radiographie. Falsche Ergebnisse fanden sich hauptsächlich bei Neugeborenen und Kleinkindern. Die Gesamtstrahlenbelastung variierte abhängig vom Patientenalter zwischen 22 und 651 cGy × cm2, durchschnittlich betrug der Anteil der Durchleuchtung 78 %. Schlußfolgerung: PC-gestützt ist es möglich den Anteil der Durchleuchtung am Gesamtflächendosisprodukt bei älteren Kindern, die sich einem Miktionszysturethrogramm unterziehen, zu ermitteln. Dieser beträgt bei Verwendung der digitalen Bildverstärkertechnik mehr als 75 %. Bei Neugeborenen und Kleinkindern versagt die Methode.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001200050087
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Zur kurz- und langfristigen Überlebenszeit bei tödlichen Straßenverkehrsunfällen (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of legal medicine 100 (1988), S. 191-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-1596
    Keywords: Traffic-Accidents, survival time ; Statistical analysis of death ; Straßenverkehrsunfälle, Überlebenszeit ; statistische Analyse der Todesfälle
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Law
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Zunahme der Möglichkeiten einer optimalen Versorgung der Unfallopfer bereits am Unfallort und den Fortschritten der Unfallchirurgie nimmt die Zahl der länger Überlebenden zu, so daß die Frist von 30 Tagen zu kurz erscheint. Eine Analyse der Letalität bei Straßenverkehrsunfällen ergibt einen Anteil von 5–16 Prozent der Verunfallten, die erst nach der statistischen Frist von 30 Tagen an Unfallfolgen versterben. Neben dem menschlichen Leid bedeutet dieser Prozentsatz auch eine erhebliche Belastung der Krankenkassen und Versicherungen. Schwierig bleibt oft die Beurteilung einer Auswirkung des Unfalles auf einen älteren oder bereits krankheitsbelasteten Menschen.
    Notes: Summary Only persons who die within 30 days after an accident are primarily considered accident fatalities. This arbitrary deadline has considerable legal consequences, especially for health insurance companies. Advances in the immediate and optimal treatment for persons injured in traffic accidents at the site of the accident, as well as improvement in surgical techniques, have increased the number of fatalities, with the injured surviving for more than 30 days after the accident. An analysis of reports showed that about 5%–16% of deaths by accident survived the fatal accident for more than 30 days, so the arbitrary deadline of 30 days clearly needs to be revised.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00200759
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