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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexual orientation revolution (1995)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 11 (1995), S. 353-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Dean Hamer's 1993 report of linkage between X chromosomal markers and male sexual orientation1–2 has surely inspired more controversy than any other linkage finding to date. Some gay individuals were delighted that the finding seemed to confirm intuitions that their sexuality reflected innate ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1295-353
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males (1996)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 25 (1996), S. 495-514 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: homosexuality ; transsexualism ; gender dysphoria ; gender identity disorder ; birth order ; sibling sex ratio
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Two studies were undertaken to confirm the previous findings that homosexual men in general tend to have a later than expected birth order and that extremely feminine homosexual men also tend to have a higher than expected proportion of brothers (i.e. a highersibling sex ratio). Subjects in Study 1 were Dutch, adult and adolescent, biological male patients with gender dysphoria (persistent and recurrent desires to belong to the opposite sex), who were undergoing treatment with feminizing hormones. These comprised 83 patients who reported sexual attraction to other males (the homosexual group) and 58 who reported sexual attraction to females or equal attraction to males and females (the nonhomosexual group). Subjects in Study 2 were Dutch adolescent male patients at another hospital. The homosexual group consisted of 21 gender-dysphoric homosexual teenagers referred to a gender identity clinic for children and adolescents. The control group were 21 adolescent males referred to the child psychiatry department of the same hospital for reasons other than gender identity disorder, homosexuality, or transvestism. These were individually matched to the homosexual subjects on age and sibship size. In both studies, the homosexual group had a significantly later average birth order than the comparison group. In Study 1, the homosexual group had a significantly elevated sibling sex ratio; this was not tested in Study 2 because of its small sample size. These studies add to the mounting evidence that late birth orders are common to all homosexual samples and that elevated sibling sex ratios are an additional characteristic of extremely feminine ones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02437544
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A test of the maternal stress theory of human male homosexuality (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 20 (1991), S. 277-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: maternal stress ; sexual orientation ; etiology ; homosexuality ; familiality
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Both the neurohormonal theory of sexual orientation and previous research on humans and animals suggest that male homosexuality may arise from prenatal stress during the brain's sexual differentiation. Stress-proneness and retrospective reports of stress during pregnancy were obtained from mothers of male and female heterosexuals, bisexuals, and homosexuals. Each mother also rated pregnancy stress for a heterosexual sibling of the subject. For males, neither between-family nor within-family analyses revealed a maternal stress effect for either sexual orientation or childhood gender nonconformity. However, mothers of effeminate children reported more stress-proneness than other mothers. Male homosexuality nevertheless was strongly familial, suggesting a reconsideration of genetic and familial environmental mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01541847
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Maternally rated childhood gender nonconformity in homosexuals and heterosexuals (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 22 (1993), S. 461-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: homosexuality ; gender nonconformity ; sexual orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Homosexual and heterosexual subjects provided self-ratings of childhood gender nonconformity. Additionally, their mother rated them on several adjectives describing childhood behavior, which included words related to gender nonconformity. Male homosexuals were remembered by their mothers as less masculine and more nonathletic. This finding did not appear to be due to a bias in mothers' memories. Though female homosexuals were recalled as more masculine than female heterosexuals, this appeared to reflect retrospective bias, as mothers who knew of their daughters' homosexuality were more likely to rate them as masculine. Both self-rated and maternally rated childhood gender nonconformity made independent contributions in predicting sexual orientation. Within the homosexual samples, maternal and self-ratings of subjects' childhood gender nonconformity failed to correlate significantly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01542559
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Retrospectively measured individual differences in childhood sex-typed behavior among gay men: Correspondence between self- and maternal reports (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 24 (1995), S. 613-622 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: homosexuality ; memory ; masculinity-femininity ; gender nonconformity ; sexual orientation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Male sexual orientation is strongly associated with childhood sex-typed behavior, but there are also marked within-orientation differences. Gay men show increased variance compared to heterosexual men on retrospective measures of childhood sex-typed behavior. Individual differences among gay men for their degree of sex-typed behavior may have important implications. However, there has been little attention given to the reliability or validity of retrospective measures of such differences that are most common. Gay men and their mothers completed questionnaires assessing the men's sex-typicality during childhood. Results of structural modeling analyses found that mothers' and sons' reports were significantly associated, both regarding the general level of sex-typed behavior and the specific behaviors, supporting the validity of retrospectively measured individual differences for those characteristics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01542183
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexual Orientation and Professional Dance (1997)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 26 (1997), S. 433-444 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: sexual orientation ; dance ; careers ; gender identity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract The stereotypical professional male dancer is a gay man. However, little if any systematic research has investigated the validity of this stereotype, much less the reasons why male sexual orientation would be associated with interest in dance. We interviewed 136 professional dancers about the prevalence of homosexuality among dancers, the dancers' own sexual development, and relationships between dancers of different sexual orientations. Dancers estimated that over half of male dancers are gay, but that only a small minority of female dancers are lesbian. Gay men recalled more intense early interest in dance compared to heterosexual men and women, and were more feminine as boys than were heterosexual men. Gay men's homosexual feelings typically preceded their dance experience, and only one gay man felt that his dance experiences may have influenced his sexual orientation. Heterosexual men voiced some mild complaints about gay male dancers, but these were balanced by positive sentiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1024595419744
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    How Accurate Is the Family History Method for Assessing Siblings' Sexual Orientation? (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 28 (1999), S. 129-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: SEXUAL ORIENTATION ; FAMILY HISTORY METHOD ; RELIABILITY ; SIBLINGS
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Previous studies investigating the familialnature of sexual orientation have often relied on thereports of siblings. They have generally obtainedextremely high accuracy rates for proband rating of the sexual orientation of siblings. However,participants in these studies have probably beenunusually open about their sexual orientation, and thusit is uncertain if more representative participantswould have as accurate knowledge about theirfamilies. An unselected sample of twins from theAustralian Twin Registry rated their own, theircotwins', and their siblings' sexual orientations. Weexamined accuracy of heterosexual and homosexual probands'assessments of their twins' sexual orientations, as wellas cotwins' agreement about other siblings'orientations. Concordance between twins' ratings oftheir cotwins' orientations with the cotwins' self-ratedorientations was considerably lower than that found inprevious studies, as was the level of agreement betweenmembers of a twin pair in the assessment of other siblings' sexual orientations. Marital historyas a proxy variable for determining the sexualorientation of older subjects did not support its usewith women, though its use for older men received some weak support.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018715821801
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Familial Aspects of Male Homosexuality (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 29 (2000), S. 155-163 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Research has generally supported the existence of familial–genetic factors for male sexual orientation, but has not shed much light on the specific nature of those influences. Gay men with gay brothers provide the opportunity to examine several hypotheses. Sixty-six men, representing 37 gay male sibling pairs, completed questionnaires assessing behavior on various measures including childhood and adult gender nonconformity, timing of awareness of homosexual feelings, self-acceptance, and the quality of family relationships. Consistent with prior findings using twins, gay brothers were similar in their degree of childhood gender nonconformity, suggesting that this variable may distinguish etiologically (e.g., genetically) heterogeneous subtypes. The large majority of gay men with brothers knew about their own homosexual feelings before they learned about their brothers' homosexual feelings, suggesting that discovery of brothers' homosexuality is not an important cause of male homosexuality.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001955721992
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sexual Orientation of Female-to-Male Transsexuals: A Comparison of Homosexual and Nonhomosexual Types (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 29 (2000), S. 259-278 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: transsexual ; female-to-male ; sexual orientation ; gender identity ; mating psychology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Homosexual and nonhomosexual (relative to genetic sex) female-to-male transsexuals (FTMs) were compared on a number of theoretically or empirically derived variables. Compared to nonhomosexual FTMs, homosexual FTMs reported greater childhood gender nonconformity, preferred more feminine partners, experienced greater sexual rather than emotional jealousy, were more sexually assertive, had more sexual partners, had a greater desire for phalloplasty, and had more interest in visual sexual stimuli. Homosexual and nonhomosexual FTMs did not differ in their overall desire for masculinizing body modifications, adult gender identity, or importance of partner social status, attractiveness, or youth. These findings indicate that FTMs are not a homogeneous group and vary in ways that may be useful in understanding the relation between sexual orientation and gender identity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1001915530479
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Subtlety of Sex-Atypicality (2000)
    Springer
    Archives of sexual behavior 29 (2000), S. 549-565 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2800
    Keywords: sexual orientation ; attraction ; childhood gender nonconformity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Abstract Memories of sex-atypical behavior and interests in childhood usually differ between homosexual and heterosexual people. However, variation within these broad groups has not previously been explored in detail, especially among women. We utilized data from a postal survey of a nationwide sample of Australian adult twins (n = 4,901, age range: 19–52 years). Among men, 15.2% reported homosexual behavior (ever), 11.5% said they had been sexually attracted to the same sex, and 6.4% said they were not heterosexual; the corresponding figures for women were 7.9, 10.6, and 3.5%. A continuous measure of childhood gender nonconformity (CGN) was sensitive to slight variations in homosexual attraction and behavior. In particular, among both men and women who identified as heterosexual, there were significant differences between “complete” heterosexuals and those who admitted to only one or a few same-sex behaviors but no homosexual attraction. Among men, CGN scores distinguished between heterosexuals who admitted to same-sex behavior only and those who admitted to some homosexual attraction. The sexual subgroups also differed on a measure of gender atypicality in adulthood. Implications for developmental theories of sexuality are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002002420159
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