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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fluorides and Osteoporosis (1991)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Nutrition 11 (1991), S. 309-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 0199-9885
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nu.11.070191.001521
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cyclical Etidronate Therapy for Prevention of Postmenopausal Bone Loss: A 1-Year Open-Label Follow-Up Study (2000)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 66 (2000), S. 348-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Key words: Cyclical etidronate therapy — Treatment withdrawal — Bone mineral measurements.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the pharmacological activity of cyclical etidronate therapy is sustained beyond the dosing period. A group of 121 postmenopausal women who had completed a 2-year, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel study with etidronate or placebo (400 mg/day for 14 days every 3 months) and calcium agreed to participate in a 1-year open-label follow-up study to evaluate the effect of discontinuing etidronate treatment. Fifty-nine subjects in the former etidronate group and 62 in the placebo group received 500 mg/day of elemental calcium; 54/59 and 58/62 subjects, respectively, completed the study. Outcomes of the study were bone mineral density (BMD), measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and biochemical markers of bone turnover (urinary deoxypyridinoline/creatinine and serum osteocalcin). To determine whether there was a residual effect of previous therapy we compared mean percentage changes from baseline (year 0) to year 3 for both spinal and femoral neck BMD and markers of bone turnover in the former cyclical etidronate and placebo groups. To evaluate the carryover effect of treatment we compared the percent change from year 2 to year 3 for the same variables. Mean percentage change (SEM) from year 2 to year 3 for spinal BMD in the former cyclical etidronate group was −2.87% (0.48%) versus −0.99% (0.36%) in the placebo group (P= 0.0022). In the femoral neck, the BMD changes were −0.86% (0.42%) versus −1.01% (0.41%) (NS). Biochemical markers increased within 6 months toward baseline levels. Mean percentage changes from baseline (year 0) in both spinal and femoral neck BMD were significantly different between groups 1 year after treatment discontinuation. No differences between groups were maintained in deoxypyridinoline and osteocalcin. It is concluded that following withdrawal of cyclical etidronate therapy bone loss resumes at a normal and moderately accelerated rate in the proximal femur and lumbar spine, respectively. A positive effect on BMD at both cortical and trabecular sites is maintained for 1 year after treatment withdrawal.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002230010072
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Different Regimens of Sodium Fluoride Treatment for Osteoporosis on the Structure, Remodeling and Mineralization of Bone (1998)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 8 (1998), S. 428-435 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Key words: Bone histomorphometry – Osteomalacia – Tetracycline labeling – Vitamin D
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: We compared initial and final bone histomorphometric findings in 66 osteoporotic patients treated with sodium fluoride (NaF) according to three regimens, and in 7 osteoporotic patients who did not receive NaF. Fourteen patients received continuous NaF 75 mg/day (high-dose) with calcium 1500 mg/day for a mean of 41 months. Twenty-six patients received continuous NaF 50 mg/day (low-dose) with calcium 2000 mg/day for a mean of 15 months, either with (10 patients) or without (16 patients) vitamin D. Twenty-six patients received cyclical low-dose NaF, alternating with vitamin D, for a mean of 15 months and a total treatment duration of 28 months, of whom 14 were and 12 were not on NaF at the time of the second biopsy. Disregarding differences between regimens, there were significant increases in total and mineralized bone volume and trabecular thickness and nonsignificant decreases in these measurements in the control group. Fluoride-induced bone formation was exclusively appositional with no evidence for the creation of new trabeculae. The effect of low-dose NaF on bone structure was the same when the same total dose was given continuously or intermittently, and when the patient was or was not taking vitamin D. The increases in total and mineralized bone volume but not trabecular thickness were greater with high-dose than with low-dose NaF. Low-dose NaF caused modest but significant increases in all osteoid indices, and modest but significant declines in adjusted apposition rate and osteoid maturation rate and no change in bone formation rate. With high-dose NaF, the increase in BV/TV was greater but all indices of osteoid accumulation were much higher and all indices of impaired osteoblast function and mineralization were much lower, and 12 of 14 patients had some form of osteomalacia. This occurred also in 3 of 30 patients treated with low-dose NaF who were not taking vitamin D; the mean increase in osteoid thickness was significantly greater in these patients than in 22 low-dose patients who were taking vitamin D. We conclude: (1) The inconsistent effect of NaF in increasing bone strength is partly due to failure to restore connectivity in patients with severe bone loss and partly due to substantial osteoid accumulation. (2) Even low-dose NaF causes impaired osteoblast function, but this is much greater with high-dose prolonged therapy. (3) There is an unexplained discrepancy between the increase in bone formation implied by increases in spinal bone mineral and the lack of increase in bone formation measured histomorphometrically. (4) Defective mineralization is more closely related to the total cumulative dose of NaF than to the duration of treatment, and with low-dose treatment may be preventable by vitamin D. (5) Future clinical trials should be carried out with smaller doses of NaF and before there has been substantial loss of horizontal trabeculae in the spine.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001980050087
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Preclinical pharmacology of alendronate (1993)
    Springer
    Osteoporosis international 3 (1993), S. 7-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1433-2965
    Keywords: Bisphosphonates ; Estrogen deficiency ; Secondary hyperparathyroidism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract This brief review summarizes some of the preclinical findings of studies aimed at assessing the efficacy and safety of the aminobisphosphonate alendronate (ALN) in preventing or restoring the bone loss caused by calcium or estrogen deficiency. Mode of action studies show that ALN localizes at sites of bone resorption and inhibits osteoclastic activity. In secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by calcium-deficient diets in the rat, ALN reduced the bone loss. For low doses, daily administration proved most efficient. In ovariectomized rats, ALN both prevented and reversed the bone changes produced by estrogen deficiency at oral doses equivalent to 0.1 mg/kg per day or higher, and also maintained the mechanical strength of vertebrae. In ovariectomized baboons, which show bone changes similar to those seen in ovariectomized women, ALN also prevented the increase in bone turnover and increased both bone volume and bone strength in vertebrae. In a comparative study between ALN and etidronate, we found that ALN was 1000-fold more potent in inhibiting bone resorption and had at least a 1000-fold higher safety margin with respect to inhibition of mineralization and osteomalacia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623001
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differentiating between orchiectomized rats and controls using measurements of trabecular bone density: A comparison among DXA, Histomorphometry, and peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (1995)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 57 (1995), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Peripheral quantitative computerized tomography ; Dual x-ray absorptiometry ; Histomorphometry ; Trabecular bone ; Orchiectomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Abstract In studies of rat bone metabolism, trabecular bone density should be measured. Three established methods of measuring trabecular bone include trabecular bone volume by histomorphometry (BV/TV%), trabecular bone density by peripheral quantitative computerized tomography (pQCT), and areal bone density of trabecular-rich regions by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We compared the ability of these three methods to discriminate between orchiectomized (orchidectomized) rats and controls. Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats (400–425 g) were orchiectomized, and 16 others were controls. In vivo spine bone mineral density (BMD) was measured at the beginning of the study and again after 11 weeks. Rats were sacrificed, and ex vivo BMDs of the right femur and tibia were measured by DXA, followed by trabecular bone density of the right proximal tibia by pQCT. BV/TV% of the left proximal tibia was measured by histomorphometry. Differences between groups were detected by all three methods, but both the magnitude of the difference between groups and the variance of the measurements was much greater for histomorphometry and pQCT than for DXA. Consequently, the statistical significance for the difference between groups was comparable for all three methods. Of the sites measured with DXA, the proximal tibia had the greatest statistical significance for the difference between groups. In summary, all three methods can demonstrate the effect of orchiectomy on trabecular bone. The large differences between groups seen by histomorphometry are also seen by pQCT but not by DXA. We conclude that trabecular bone density by pQCT may be a reasonable surrogate for measurements by histomorphometry.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00298994
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