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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Action of skin penetration enhancers—the Lipid Protein Partitioning theory (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    International journal of cosmetic science 10 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1468-2494
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Skin penetration enhancers reversibly decrease the barrier resistance of the stratum corneum and allow drugs to penetrate more readily to the viable tissues and the systemic circulation. This paper presents a general theory for accelerant activity based on possible alterations at the molecular level of the components of the horny layer. Within the intercellular route, enhancers may interact at the polar head groups of the lipids, within aqueous regions between lipid head groups, and between the lipophilic tails of the bilayer. Inside the corneocyte it is the keratin fibrils and their associated water that are the targets. High concentrations of solvents may also alter partitioning processes. Because of the involvement of lipid and protein modifications, together with partitioning phenomena, the scheme of possible enhancer interactions has been termed the Lipid Protein Partitioning (LPP) theory. This theory is applied specifically to water, Azone, dimethylsulphoxide, dimethylformamide, 2–pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2–pyrrolidone, oleic acid, decylmethylsulphoxide, sodium lauryl sulphate and propylene glycol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2494.1988.tb00028.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative bio-availability of proprietary topical corticosteroid preparations; vasoconstrictor assays on thirty creams and gels (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    British journal of dermatology 91 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2133
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Thirty proprietary corticosteroid creams and gels were evaluated for vasoconstriction using an occluded blanching test. The method differed from previous investigators' in employing a more sensitive estimation of pallor and more reading times in order to determine the complete blanching profile. The results were expressed as three parameters: (1) area under the blanching curve, (2) summed % total possible score, and (3) square root transformation of sum of scores divided by number of volunteers; the last permitted statistical differentiation between the preparations. Experiments were performed to (a) compare the bio-availability of the formulations, (b) determine the effect of antimicrobial additives, and (c) assess the retention of steroids in the skin. Scores for the additive-containing and ‘plain’ preparations were within 90% except for Tri-Adcortyl/Adcortyl (78%) and Locorten-Vioform/ Locorten (53%). A steroid reservoir in the skin was demonstrated for up to 14 days. Selected preparations were re-tested by a non-occluded method and the results compared with those obtained by the occluded procedure.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1974.tb12903.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Control of the bioavailability of a topical steroid; comparison of desonide creams 0·05% and 0·1% by vasoconstrictor studies and clinical trials (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 12 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Theoretically two corticosteroid preparations should show the same clinical activity even though they possess different medicament concentrations, provided that both preparations are at or above saturation e.g. they are suspensions. To test this theory, the non-fluorinated corticosteroid desonide prepared as two suspensions in the same cream formulation (Apolar Cream 0.1% and 0.05%) were evaluated for vasoconstriction using an occluded blanching test. Included in the vasoconstriction test were also another desonide 0.05% preparation (Tridesilon Cream®) and Betnovate Cream® (betamethasone 17-valerate 0.1%). The study was extended into patients by comparing the effects of Apolar Cream 0.1% and 0.05, in a double-blind, randomized, right-left comparative study including 40 patients with bilateral, non-infected hand eczemas, No significant difference could be demonstrated between the blanching responses of the four preparations tested in the vasoconstriction study. Betnovate Cream provided the lowest blanching response. Thirty-eight patients completed the clinical trial. All patients improved after 11 days of treatment with Apolar Cream 0.1%. With the 0.05% cream, 37 improved and, in one, the condition remained unchanged. No statistically significant difference could be demonstrated between treatments. It is concluded that, for practical therapeutic purposes, Apolar Cream 0.05% will equate with the corresponding 0.1% preparation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1987.tb01937.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bildung gemischter Mizellen in wäßrigen Lösungen von Alkyltrimethylammonium-Cholaten (1978)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 95-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01746765
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mizellengröße, Form und Hydratation von nichtionogenen oberflächenaktiven Polyoxyäthylenen mit langen Ketten (1978)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 289-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01550609
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    C. M. C., counterion binding and thermodynamics of ethoxylated anionic and cationic surfactants (1978)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Eigenschaften einer Reihe ionischer äthoxylierter oberflächenaktiver Stoffe vom TypR m (OC2H4) χ SO4Na undR m (OC2H4) χ TAB (m = 10, 12, 14 oder 16 undx = 0, 1, 2 oder 3) wurden untersucht. Die bei der Messung der Oberflächenspannung ermittelten Werte verzeichneten eine Zunahme bei der Zunahme der Äthoxy-Gruppe, wohingegen die Verlängerung der Kohlenwasserstoffkette keine nennenswerten Auswirkungen zeigte. Die durch Leitfähigkeit erhaltenen c.m.c.'s verringerten sich bei der Verlängerung der Kohlenwasserstoffkette und, in etwas geringerem Maße, beim Anwachsen der Äthoxy-Gruppe. Meßwerte vonΔG° deuteten darauf hin, daß die Methylengruppe in der Steigerung der Micellisierung um das Vierfache wirksamer war als die Äthoxy-Gruppe. Zwischen 5° und 60° zeigten alle untersuchten oberflächenaktiven Stoffe ein Minimum im c.m.c.-Wert in der Nähe von 25°, das sich verringerte, wenn diese Stoffe hydrophober wurden, und zunahm, wenn sie hydrophiler wurden. Die Bindung von Gegenionen, die aus Messungen mit spezifischen Ionenelektroden gewonnen wurde, steigerte sich mit zunehmender Länge der Kohlenwasserstoffkette, aber ging zurück mit zunehmender Zahl der Äthoxy-Gruppen. Die Bindung von Gegenionen verringerte sich mit steigender Temperatur.
    Notes: Summary The properties of a series of ionic ethoxylated surfactants of the typeR m (OC2H4) χ SO4Na andR m (OC2H4) χ TAB (m = 10, 12, 14 or 16 andx = 0, 1, 2 or 3) were studied. Surface areas obtained from surface tension measurements increased as the ethoxy group number increased whereas increasing the hydrocarbon chain length had little effect. The c.m.c.'s obtained from conductivity decreased with increase in hydrocarbon chain length and to a smaller extent as the ethoxy group number increased. Values ofΔG° showed the methylene group to be four fold as effective as the ethoxy group in promoting micellisation. As the temperature was varied between 5 and 60 °C all the surfactants exhibited a minimum c.m.c. value close to 25 °C which decreased as the surfactant became more hydrophobic and increased as the surfactant became more hydrophilic. Counterion binding from specific ion electrode measurements increased with increase in hydrocarbon chain length but decreased with increase in ethoxy group number. Counterion binding decreased with increase in temperature.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01550555
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and rheology of emulsions stabilised by mixed emulsifiers (1971)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 10 (1971), S. 96-105 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Formulieren von Öl-in-Wasser-Emulsionen mit mechanischen Eigenschaften von halbfesten Stoffen, wie z. B. Cremes, bringt theoretische und praktische Probleme mit sich. Die Kombination von ionischen oder nicht-ionischen oberflächenaktiven Stoffen mit Fettalkoholen, wie z. B. in emulsifying wax B. P., cetrimide emulsifying wax B. P. C. und cetromacrogol emulsifying wax B. P. C. ist eine Lösung. Durch Änderung des Anteiles eines solchen gemischten Emulgators in einer Formulierung kann die Konsistenz von flüssig bis halbfest variiert werden. Die rheologischen Eigenschaften sind unter der Annahme, erläutert worden daß in der kontinuierlichen Phase ein viskoelastisches Netzsystem vorhanden ist, das die kugelförmigen Anteile der dispersen Phase verbindet. Die Art, das Ausmaß und die Stärke dieses Netzwerkes beeinflussen das Fließverhalten des Systems. Diese Theorie wird diskutiert, wobei der anionische Emulgator Natriumdodecylsulfat, das kationische Cetrimide und die langkettigen Cetyl- und Stearylalkohole und Mischungen aus den beiden besonders berücksichtigt werden. Betont wird die Bedeutung des Testens unter geringen Belastungen, wie z. B. Kriechund oszillierende Beanspruchungen; es wird gezeigt, daß kontinuierliche Schermethoden auch brauchbare Aussagen liefern, obwohl diese in theoretischer und praktischer Hinsicht weniger befriedigen.
    Notes: Summary The formulation of oil-in-water emulsions which have the mechanical properties of semi-solids, i. e. creams, involves both theoretical and practical problems. One solution is to use combinations of ionic or non-ionic surfactants with a fatty alcohol, as in Emulsifying Wax B. P., Cetrimide Emulsifying Wax B. P. C. and Cetomacrogol Emulsifying Wax B. P. C. By altering the total amount of such a mixed emulsifier in a formulation, the consistency may be varied from liquid to semi-solid. The rheological properties of such emulsions have been explained on the assumption that a viscoelastie network exists in the continuous phase, linking disperse phase globules. The nature, extent and strength of this network controls the flow properties of the system. This theory is discussed with particular reference to the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate, the cationic surfactant cetrimide, and the long chain alcohols cetyl and stearyl and their mixtures. The importance of testing at small strains is emphasised e. g. creep and oscillatory testing, and it is shown that continuous shear methods, although theoretically less satisfactory, may also provide useful information.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01972485
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological properties of white soft paraffin (1971)
    Springer
    Rheologica acta 10 (1971), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Obwohl weiße Vaseline seit fast einem Jahrhundert in der Pharmazie verwendet worden ist, sind ihre rheologischen Eigenschaften immer noch nicht vollständig geklärt. Eine Probe mit Arzneibuchqualität (B. P.) ist unter kontinuierlichen Scherbedingungen mit einem Konus- und Plattenviskosimeter und unter geringen Beanspruchungen mit einem Kriechviskosimeter mit konzentrischen Zylindern über einen Temperaturbereich von 5–50 °C untersucht worden. Für kontinuierlich veränderliche Schubspannungen ergab sich eine Hysteresisschleife; Aktivierungsenergien für laminares Fließen sind berechnet worden. Unter Kriechbedingungen verhielt sich das Material viskoelastisch, wobei die temperaturbedingten Grenzbereiche für lineares Verhalten bestimmt worden sind. Aus den analysierten Kriechdiagrammen wurden mechanische Modelle abgeleitet, die aus einerMaxwell-Einheit verbunden mit einigenVoigt-Einheiten bestanden. Die Aktivierungsenergien sind hergeleitet worden, und die Veränderungen im rheologischen Verhalten bei etwa 30 °C sind mit den Strukturveränderungen der Bestandteile des Materials korreliert worden.
    Notes: Abstract Rheological properties of a sample of white soft paraffin B. P., determined using continuous shear and creep viscometry, are reported for temperatures from 5 °C to 50 °C. The material is linear viscoelastic up to 45 °C but non linear viscoelastic at 50 °C. Activation energies are derived fromArrhenius type curves of both continuous shear and creep viscosity data. A discontinuity in rheological properties between 25 °C and 30 °C is due to a structural transition within the material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01972487
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Micellar molecular weights and hydration of ethoxylated anionic and cationic surfactants (1978)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 44-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden weitere Ergebnisse über micellare Eigenschaften äthoxylierter anionischer und kationischer oberflächenaktiver Stoffe berichtet. Micellare Molekulargewichte wurden ermittelt durch Lichtstreuung und für Ladungseffekte korrigiert. Diese nahmen mit der Länge der Kohlenwasserstoffkette zu, mit der Zahl der Äthoxy-Gruppen dagegen ab. Die micellare Größe der äthoxylierten oberflächenaktiven Stoffe war geringer als üblich bei Paraffinkettensalzen. Das Micellargewicht ging bei einem Temperaturanstieg von 25° auf 45° um 18% zurück. Wenn 0.1M. Elektrolyt hinzukam, steigerte sich das Micellargewicht um das Vierfache. Eine Analyse der hydrodynamischen Daten zeigte, daß die äthoxylierten Micellen einen Hydratgehalt von zwei Wassermolekülen per Äthoxy-Gruppe hatten. Die Kohlenwasserstoffkette hatte kaum Auswirkungen auf die Hydration.
    Notes: Summary Further work on the micellar properties of ethoxylated anionic and cationic surfactants is reported. Micellar molecular weights in water obtained from light scattering and corrected for charge effects, increased with increase in hydrocarbon chain length but decreased with increase in ethoxy group number. Micellar size of the ethoxylated surfactants was smaller than usual for paraffin chain salts. Micellar weights decreased 18% as the temperature increased from 25 to 45 °C. Addition of 0.1M. electrolyte increased micellar weight four fold. Analysis of the hydrodynamic data showed the ethoxylated micelles were hydrated with two molecules of water per ethoxy group. The hydrocarbon chain had little effect on hydration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01746690
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mizellenbildung und Koazervation in Mischungen von Alkyltrimethylammoniumbromiden mit Di-und Trihydroxy-Cholaten (1978)
    Springer
    Colloid & polymer science 256 (1978), S. 95-95 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01746766
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