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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The use of diatom analysis in archaeology: A review
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Archaeological Science 15 (1988), S. 621-644 
    Details
    ISSN: 0305-4403
    Keywords: diatom analysis ; environmental archaeology ; pottery ; salinity reconstruction ; sediments
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Archaeology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0305-4403(88)90057-X
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring acid waters in the U.K.: an overview of the U.K. Acid Waters Monitoring Network and summary of the first interpretative exercise (1996)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. The U.K. Acid Waters Monitoring Network (AWMN) was established in 1988. It comprises eleven lake and eleven stream sites located throughout the U.K. in areas sensitive to acidification. The principal objective of the AWMN is to provide a long-term, high-quality chemical, biological and palaeolimnological record which, in conjunction with the U.K. precipitation monitoring networks, will facilitate the assessment of trends within U.K. surface waters.2. The first interpretation of results generated by the AWMN (April 1988–March 1993) has recently been completed and is summarized. During this period there have been no sustained changes in atmospheric deposition in the U.K. Trends are recognized in certain chemical and/or biological parameters at individual AWMN sites, but despite some (regional) patterns no regional trends toward increasing or decreasing acidification are apparent. The data comprise an excellent baseline with which future changes may be compared.3. The methodology of the AWMN is reviewed and some amendments are suggested in the light of the first 5 years experience. These include: additional determinations for nitrogen species and total phosphorus; changes to the frequency of macrophyte and palaeolimnological sampling; new emphasis on data generated by sediment traps at lake sites; and the addition of extra sites to address better the full extent of acid-sensitive surface waters revealed by the national critical loads mapping programme, and to pay particular attention to the acidifying role of nitrogen.4. The contribution of AWMN data to other national and international environmental monitoring programmes is highlighted. In addition, AWMN sites provide data to develop and validate critical loads models and dynamic models of acidification, and could also be used to monitor the impact of other air pollutants such as trace metals and persistent organic compounds on the freshwater environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1996.00075.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Palaeolimnological evidence for recent chemical and biological changes in U.K. Acid Waters Monitoring Network sites (1996)
    Oxford BSL : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Freshwater biology 36 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2427
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: 1. Palaeolimnological evidence is presented for the long-term (post-1850) and recent (post-1970) trends in acidity of eleven sites in the U.K. Acid Waters Monitoring Network.2. Sites are located throughout the U.K. in areas sensitive to acidification, and results show that all have been acidified since pre-industrial times. Although there is considerable variation in the timing and magnitude of these changes the results are consistent with other evidence of the widespread and severe acidification of sensitive U.K. freshwaters as a result of acidic deposition.3. The most severely acidified sites generally have the highest critical load exceedance, although there is a only a poor relationship between exceedance and post-1850 pH change (r = 0.58, P = 0.06) or diatom floristic change (r = 0.52, P = 0.1). These results highlight the difficulty of inferring biological change or ‘damage’ in freshwater ecosystems from current national maps of critical load exceedances.4. Evidence of chemical and biological response to the post-1970 reduction in U.K. S emissions is variable: seven lakes show continued acidification in the 1970s and early 1980s while four appear to have been in steady state. One afforested site shows continued acidification until at least 1990, the year of coring, suggesting that at this site increased scavenging of acid anions following canopy closure and/or increased nitrate leaching have offset the benefits of reduced S deposition.5. Five sites appear to have been in steady state since the early to mid-1980s, and two show unambiguous evidence for a recent increase in pH and a reversal in the diatom assemblages to that of earlier levels. The results support and extend the findings of other studies and show that biological recovery is occurring in at least two chronically acidified areas of the U.K. (Galloway, SW Scotland, and north Wales), and that natural recovery can lead to the re-establishment of biota previously present at the site.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.1996.00079.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The development of the aquatic ecosystem at Kråkenes Lake, western Norway, during the late glacial and early Holocene - a synthesis (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of paleolimnology 23 (2000), S. 91-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0417
    Keywords: aquatic ecosystem reconstruction ; Kråkenes Lake ; late glacial ; early Holocene ; detrended correspondence analysis ; rates of change ; multi-disciplinary study
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract This paper synthesises the palaeoecological reconstructions, including palaeoclimatic inferences, based on the available fossil record of plants (pollen, macrofossils, mosses, diatoms) and animals (chironomids, Cladocera, Coleoptera, Trichoptera, oribatid mites) in the late-glacial and early-Holocene sediments of Kråkenes Lake, western Norway, with special emphasis on changes in the aquatic ecosystem. New percentage and influx pollen diagrams for selected taxa provide insights into the terrestrial setting. The information from all the proxies is collated in a stratigraphical chart, and the inferred changes in the lake and its catchment are discussed. The individual fossil sequences are summarised by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), and sample scores on the first DCA axes are plotted against an estimated calendar-year timescale for comparison of the timing and magnitude of changes in assemblage composition. The DCA plots show that the large late-glacial biotic changes were synchronous, and were driven by the overriding forcing factor of temperature. During the early Holocene, however, the changes in different groups were more gradual and were independent of each other, showing that other factors were important and interactive, such as the inwash of dissolved and particulate material from the catchment, the base and nutrient status of the lake-water, and the internal processes of ecosystem succession and sediment accumulation. This multi-disciplinary study, with proxies for changes in the lake and in the catchment, highlights the dependence of lake biota and processes not only on regional climatic changes but also on changes in the lake catchment and on internal processes within the lake. Rates of change for each group are also estimated and compared. The reaction times to the sharp temperature changes at the start and end of the Younger Dryas were very rapid and occurred within a decade of the temperature change. Aquatic organisms tracked the temperature and environmental changes very closely, and are probably the best recorders of late-glacial climatic change in the fossil record.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008079725596
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting Freshwater Critical Loads of Acidification at the Catchment Scale: An Empirical Model (1998)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 105 (1998), S. 31-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: acidification ; catchments ; freshwater critical loads ; predictive model ; Scotland ; statistical modeling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract Current applications of the critical loads concept are geared primarily toward targeting emission control strategies at a national and international level. Maps of critical loads for freshwaters have been produced in grid form based on water samples of representative sites within each grid square. However, the water chemistry data required to calculate freshwater critical loads are not always readily available at a national level and maps are therefore limited to catchments where such data exist. This paper describes the development of an approach that uses nationally available secondary data to predict freshwater critical loads for catchments lacking the appropriate water chemistry information. An empirical statistical model is calibrated using data from 78 catchments throughout Scotland. Water chemistry for each catchment has been determined. Each catchment is characterized according to a number of attributes. Redundancy analysis of these data shows clear relationships between catchment attributes and the critical load derived from the water chemistry. The key variables that explain most of the variation in critical load relate to soil, geology and land use within the catchment. Using these variables as predictors in a regression analysis, the critical load can be predicted across a broad gradient of sensitivity (R2 adj=0.81). The predictive power of the model was maintained when different combinations of explanatory variables were used. This accords the approach a degree of flexibility in that model parameterization can be geared toward availability of secondary data. There are limitations with the model as presently calibrated. However, the approach offers considerable scope for environmental managers to undertake national inventories of catchment sensitivity and specific assessments of individual catchments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005085021429
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Late Glacial and Holocene Record of Biological and Environmental Changes from the Crater Lake Albano, Central Italy: an Interdisciplinary European Project (Paliclas) (1997)
    Springer
    Water, air & soil pollution 99 (1997), S. 601-613 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2932
    Keywords: pigments ; diatoms ; cladocera ; ostracods ; chironomids ; chrysophytes ; sediments ; Late Pleistocene ; Holocene ; crater lake ; Italy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports the results of biological analyses (pigments, diatoms, chrysophyte cysts, cladocerans, chironomids and ostracods) of a ca. 14 m-long sediment core recovered from Lake Albano (Central Italy) in the course of the EU-funded project PALICLAS (PALaeoenvironmental analysis of Italian Crater Lake and Adriatic Sediments). A reconstruction of the environmental evolution and ecosystem response of Lake Albano during the last ca. 30 kyr was possible. Additional information on lake level oscillation is obtained from benthic and planktonic palaeocommunities. Several oscillations in the productivity and the level of the lake were detected in the oldest sediment layers (from ca. 30 kyr BP to ca. 17 kyr BP), followed by a long (ca. 5 kyr BP) period of low productivity in which cold, holomictic conditions prevailed. A period of high biological activity and, probably, meromictic conditions during the early-mid Holocene was detected. A clear impact of human activities in the catchment was found at ca. 4 kyr BP in the form of increased erosion, associated with a decline in the abundance of biological remains. Further signs of human impact on the lake ecosystem are recorded during the Roman period. Although large-scale environmental changes (e.g. regional climate changes) caused many of the observed biological changes, human activities were important during the mid-late Holocene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018324430555
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