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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of applied electrochemistry 15 (1985), S. 825-836 
    ISSN: 1572-8838
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: Abstract Potentiodynamic electropainting at a rotating iron disc electrode has been investigated with three different EDP resins, two anodic from the acrylate type and one cathodic from the epoxide type, and a wide variation of conditions. Voltage scan rate (ν s=1 to 200 Vs−1), voltage range (40 to 200V) and electrode rotation speed (n=60 and 1000rpm) were the most important parameters. The (cyclic) voltammetric curves obtained generally exhibit three characteristic features: (1) The current rises steeply at the start of the experiment. Bath resistance transforms the potentiodynamic curve simultaneously into a galvanodynamic curve. After a transition time, τ, a critical pH is attained at the phase boundary and electrocoagulation occurs. This leads to a rapidly decreasing current density. The sharp c.d. maximum thus established has a peak voltage,U p, which increases withν s according to the relation logU P∼ 1/3 log νs in accordance with theory. (2) At high voltages, a limiting current density is observed, increasing with the square root of νs. This could be quantitatively interpreted in terms of dynamic growth of film thickness governed by Ohmic ion transport in the film. The preceding part of theU/j curve declines withj ∼t −1/2, which indicates the prevalence of space charge effects. (3) Ohmic lines are measured in the course of the first reverse scan and in all quasi steady state follow up cycles. They are flatter by a factor of 1000 in regard to the initial Ohmic line and reflect low voltage Ohmic behaviour of the EDP-film. At high voltages positive current deviations occur due to Child's law. The curves can be measured easily and reproducibly. Due to their salient features it is proposed to use them for characterization of EDP-paints.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0935-9648
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemical Engineering & Technology - CET 13 (1990), S. 371-375 
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: A solution of 0.1 M 1,2-dichloroethane in 1 M H2SO4 was anodically converted to CO2, Cl2 and HCIO4 as the main products at smooth platinum. The current efficiency for CO2 exceeds 60% at low current densities, while HClO4 is obtained with about 20% current efficiency. Chlorinated products such as 1,2′,2-trichloroethane are formed in negligible amounts. Platinum plays a distinctive role as anode material and shows a reaction limited anodic prewave. Our experimental findings lead to a mechanism, whereby DCE is initially hydroxylated to form chloroacetaldehyde chlorohydrin which releases HCl and becomes rapidly further oxidized to monochloroacetic acid. The cleavage of the C—C bond proceeds via its anodic decarboxylation. Possible practical applications in the field of anodic water purification and in the direct electrosynthesis of vinyl chloride are discussed.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0930-7516
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Manganese mixed oxide composite layers of about 1 μm thickness on titanium sheet as substrate were fabricated by firing of the corresponding nitrates at a typical temperature of 400°C in air. The activity of these anodes was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry (10 mV/s) and the stability was determined by chronopotentiometry (2.5 mA/cm2) in 1M H2SO4. The oxidation of 2-propanol was examined as a simple electroorganic model reaction. The quality of a first category of mixed oxides with general composition MnMe2O4 decresed in the order Me = Co, Ni, Fe. In a second group with the general formula MeMn2O4 a decrease in the order Me = Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Ti, Zn, Cd, Ca, Mg, (Zn, Ge), Li was observed. The corresponding candidates of the second group were superior to those of the first. The anode service life τ of the optimum spinel anode CoMn2O4/Ti is dependent on the current density, according to jλ τ = const. (λ = 1.7). Thus high current densities are precluded. The mechanism has been discussed in terms of a heterogeneous redox catalysis: surface Mn(VII) states are formed in a slow electrochemical step. In a subsequent fast chemical oxidation of the organic molecule the original reduced state is regenerated. This also explains the comparatively good service life of these anodes.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 28 (1977), S. 688-696 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: The corrosion of lead in acid tetrafluoborate electrolytesThe corrosion of 99,985% lead in acid tetrafluoborate electrolytes, predominantly 1 mole/litre HBF4 and 2 mole/litre Pb (BF4)2, was investigated. The corrosion rate in air saturated solution at 20°C is 35 μA/cm2, which corresponds to 1 mm/a. Oxygen corrosion predominates (corrosion is rather reduced under argon). At higher temperatures, corrosion rate increases by an order of magnitude, and acid corrosion has a greater share due to a decrease of hydrogen overvoltage on lead and solubility of oxygen. Cementable additives like Cu++, Sb+++ and Pd++ are found to enhance the initial corrosion rate by up to two orders of magnitude. However, after 10-20 hours, the original value is reestablished. Bi+++ is cemented as well; the resulting acceleration of corrosion is proportional to the additive concentration and decreases but slowly. Oxidants like Fe+++ or quinone accelerate the dissolution of lead as well and are consumed stoichometrically. Reducing agents like Fe++, V+++ or hydroquinone are not able to act as a mediator for air corrosion. Nitrate ions are virtually inert in the given concentration range. Consequences in reference to the lead dissolution secondary battery are discussed. Self discharge in the absence of O2 is very low. On the other hand, it is possible by oxygen corrosion to redissolve lead, which has accumulated on the electrode. In this way, the battery can be brought back to its original state.
    Notes: Die Korrosion von 99,985%igem Blei in tetrafluoborsauren Elektrolyten, insbesondere in einer Lösung von 1 Mol/1 HBF4 + 2 Mol/1 Pb(BF4)2, wurde eingehend untersucht. Bei 20°C beträgt in luftgesättigter Lösung die Korrosionsrate 35 μA/cm2, entsprechend 1,0 mm/a. Da unter Argon die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit stark zurückgeht, liegt vorwiegend Sauerstoffkorrosion vor. Bei höheren Temperaturen (50°C) kommt wegen der abnehmenden Wasserstofflüberspannung am Blei und der zurückgehenden Sauerstofflöslichkeit dagegen die Säurekorrosion mehr in den Vordergrund, wobei die Korrosionsrate insgesamt um eine Größenordnung steigt. Zementierbare Additive wie Cu++, Sb+++ und Pd++ erhöhen anfänglich die Korrosionsgeschwindigkeit um bis zu zwei Zehnerpotenzen, aber nach 10-20 h hat sich wieder der alte Wert eingestellt. Bi+++ wird ebenfalls zementiert, wobei eine mittlere, zur Additivkonzentration proportionale und zeitlich wenig abnehmende Korrosionsbeschleunigung resultiert. Oxidationsmittel wie Fe+++ und Chinon beschleunigen die Bleiauflösung, wobei sie stöchiometrisch verbraucht werden. Reduktionsmittel wie Fe++, V+++ oder Hydrochinon können nicht als Mediator für die Luftkorrosion wirken. Nitrationen sind im untersuchten Konzentrationsbereich fast inert. Konsequenzen bezüglich des Bleilösungsakkumulators werden diskutiert. Die Selbstentladung in Abwesenheit von O2 ist sehr gering. Andererseits ist es möglich, durch Sauerstoffkorrosion einseitig akkumuliertes Blei wieder in Lösung zu bringen. Auf diese Weise kann die Batterie wieder in den Ausgangszustand zurückgeführt werden.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 164 (1988), S. 143-159 
    ISSN: 0003-3146
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Verbundwerkstoffe aus 80 Gew.-% Naturgraphit und 20 Gew.-% Polyolefin werden im Hinblick auf ihre Verwendung als positive Elektroden in Batterien charakterisiert. Der spezifische Widerstand ist 1 - 10 Ωcm und ist daher um einen Faktor von 104 bis 103, bezogen auf den reinen Graphit, größer. Der Anistropiefaktor erniedrigt sich auf 10. Hierfür ist eine Barriere aus einem Polymerfilm und/oder eine Bischicht aus Graphit-Oberflächengruppen zwischen den Graphitflocken, die durch Elektronen durchtunnelt wird, verantwortlich. Dies gilt auch für den ausgeprägten Feldeffekt.Die Gegenwart eines polymeren Binders macht sich ebenso durch einen Formiereffekt im Verlauf der ersten elektrochemischen Anionen-Intercalationszyklen bemerkbar. Die Langzeit-Zyklisierung einer Modellzelle ergibt einen starken Einfluß der mechanischen Eigenschaften des polyolefinischen Binders. Die erreichbare Zyklenzahl nimmt mit zunehmendem Elastizitätsmodul ab. Bei der Verwendung von Polyolefinen mit kleinem Elastizitätsmodul konnten 5000 einstündige Zyklen erhalten werden. Dies ist auf die verbesserte Verträglichkeit mit den periodischen Volumenänderungen im Verlauf der elektrochemischen Zyklisierung zurückzuführen.
    Notes: Composite materials with 80 wt.-% natural graphite and 20 wt.-% polyolefins have been characterized for their application as positive electrodes in batteries. With respect to graphite, resistivity is enhanced by a factor of 104 (ρ = 1-10 Ωcm), and the anisotropy factor is lowered to 10. A thin polymer film barrier and/or a thin bilayer of graphite surface groups between the graphite flakes, crossed by electron tunneling, is responsible for this and for a pronounced field effect of resistivity.The presence of a polymer binder is also indicated by a formation effect in the course of the first anion intercalation cycles performed by electrochemical experiments. Long term cycling of a model cell reveals a strong influence of the mechanical properties of the polyolefin binders. Those with high tensile strength lead to a much poorer cycle life than those with low tensile strength, where cycle numbers up to 5000 (one hour charge) have been obtained. The latter material has an improved compatibility to the periodical volume alterations in the course of electrochemical cycling.
    Additional Material: 13 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Berichte der deutschen chemischen Gesellschaft 118 (1985), S. 3771-3780 
    ISSN: 0009-2940
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Inorganic Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Anodic Oxidation of 2-Cyanoethanol to Cyanoacetic Acid2-Cyanoethanol (3-hydroxypropiononitrile, 1) has been oxidized electrochemically in aqueous sulfuric acid at platinum- and lead dioxide anodes with current densities of 30 - 200 mA cm-2 to give cyanoacetic acid (3). Current efficiencies and material yields were up to 60%. Side products are HCN via an anodic attack at β-CH2 with 8 - 15% and cyanoacetaldehyde with 3 - 13% current efficiency on platinum. In principle, HCN can be recycled to new starting material and cyanoacetaldehyde to yield further product. Electrooxidation at Pt takes place at an anode, which is partially covered with platinum oxides. High over-voltages are interpreted in terms of voltage drop in a rigid organic adsorbate layer.
    Notes: 2-Cyanethanol (3-Hydroxypropionitril, 1) wird in schwefelsauren, wäßrigen Elektrolyten an Platin- oder Bleidioxid-Anoden bei Stromdichten von 30 - 200 mA/cm2 elektrochemisch zu Cyanessigsäure (3) oxidiert. Die Strom- und Materialausbeuten erreichen 60%. Als Nebenprodukte entstehen HCN über einen anodischen Angriff am β-CH2 mit 8 - 15% und Cyanacetaldehyd mit 3 - 13% Stromausbeute an Platin. Im Prinzip kann HCN in neues Edukt und Cyanacetaldehyd in das Produkt übergeführt werden. Die Elektrooxidation an Platin findet an teilweise mit Platinoxiden bedeckten Anoden statt. Die hohen Überspannungen werden als Spannungsabfall in einer starren, organischen Adsorbatschicht gedeutet.
    Additional Material: 3 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Katalytische Heterogen-Hydrierungen in Lösung werden mit elektrochemischen Hydrierungen an Kathoden mit hoher Wasserstoff-Überspannung verglichen. Die katalytische Hydrierung läuft nach einem radikalischen Mechanismus ab, wobei adsorbierte H-Atome als zentrales Zwischenprodukt auftreten. Sie sind im allgemeinen zugleich potentialbestimmend. Die Messung des Katalysator-Potentials erlaubt also Aussagen über die Aktivität aH. Bei der elektrochemischen Hydrierung werden aus dem Substrat bei negativen Potentialen primär Radikalanionen generiert, die nach einem ionischen Mechanismus zum Hydrierungsprodukt abreagieren. Sie ergänzt die katalytische Hydrierung, z. B. bei gewissen Partialhydrierungen und stereochemisch. Auch die beiden Fälle, bei denen die katalytische Hydrierung elektrochemisch an Katalysator-Elektroden bzw. die elektrochemische Hydrierung nach der katalytischen Methode durchgeführt wird, sind gut bekannt. Die Frage, ob Elektrolyse-Wasserstoff für Gasphasen-Hydrierungen wirtschaftlich sein kann, wird abschließend noch kurz diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 54 (1982), S. 809-817 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: New battery systems. The reversible storage of electrical energy plays a central role in the development of electric vehicles, load levelling in power stations, and technical utilization of solar energy. Electrochemistry offers interesting solutions with optimal energy density; however, these have reached technical maturity in only a few cases. The conventional lead/acid accumulator is being further improved among aqueous systems. Moreover, various other lines of development have been initiated in recent years, such as nickel/zinc and chlorine/zinc accumulators, which offer totally fresh perspectives from an electrochemical and engineering point of view. In the case of zinc/air and aluminium/air batteries, external redeposition of the metal is envisaged. From a practical point of view, aqueous systems are unsurpassable. Metals with an extremely high negative potential like sodium or lithium can only be cycled in the absence of water. Systems with molten salts or solid electrolytes do not suffer from this drawback. The sodium/sulfur battery, which is characterized by readily available cell components of low environmental impact, is presently undergoing intensive development. However, thermal discharge represents a technical problem. The future of these new developments will be governed by their economics, energy density, energy efficiency, power density, and last but not least by their cyclability. These properties have not yet been optimized in a single system.
    Additional Material: 15 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Chemie Ingenieur Technik - CIT 37 (1965), S. 607-616 
    ISSN: 0009-286X
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Industrial Chemistry
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Einleitend wird eine allgemeine Übersicht über verschiedene elektrochemische Dimerisierungsreaktionen gegeben. Da die bei der anodischen Dimerisierung von Adipinsäure-monomethylester und bei der kathodischen Hydrodimerisierung von Acrylnitril entstehenden Verbindungen, Sebacinsäure-dimethylester und Adipinsäuredinitril, Grundbausteine von Polykondensationsprodukten sind, werden vielleicht auch ihre elektro-organischen Synthesen in Zukunft technisch interessant sein. Die Reaktionsbedingungen und Abhängigkeit der Dimeren-Ausbeute von Stromdichte, pH-Wert, Elektrolytzusammensetzung und Monomeren-Konzentration sowie die stationären Stromspannungskurven und Potential/Zeit-Kurven werden besprochen. Reaktionsmechanismen für beide Dimerisierungsreaktionen werden diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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