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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Olfactory learning is associated with increased spine density along apical dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the rat piriform cortex (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 13 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We studied the effect of olfactory learning on the dendritic spine density of pyramidal neurons in the rat piriform (olfactory) cortex. Rats were trained to distinguish between two pairs of odours in an olfactory discrimination task. Three days after training completion, rats were killed and layer II pyramidal neurons identified by Golgi impregnation were examined with a light microscope. Counts of visible spines were performed along the secondary and tertiary branches of both the apical dendrites and the basal dendrites, which are the sites of intracortical synaptic inputs. An estimate of the true spine density was obtained using Feldman and Peters' method (1979, The Journal of Comparative Neurology, 188, 527–542). The estimated true spine density along apical dendrites was higher in neurons from trained rats than those in pseudotrained and naive rats by 15%. As length of spiny dendrites did not change significantly after learning, the learning-related increase in spine density in neurons from trained rats may indicate on an increased number of excitatory synapses interconnecting pyramidal neurons in the piriform cortex, following olfactory learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01422.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drosophila neural pathways (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 156 (1985), S. 13-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary TheDrosophila giant axon pathways ‘cervical connective — thoracic indirect flight muscles’ were studied by a combined electrophysiological and genetic analysis. A functional coupling of the left and right giant axon pathways was revealed by intracellular recordings of electrical responses of the thoracic indirect flight muscles, when evoked by electrical stimulation of cervical connective (Fig. 2). This functional coupling was demonstrated in wild-type flies and in flies of the single gene, temperature-sensitive paralytic mutation,para ts . The functional coupling was evident also in selected bilateral gynandromorph flies, mosaics for thepara ts mutation (Fig. 1), even at restricted elevated ambient temperature (Tables 1–3). Analysis of neurally evoked electrogenic muscle responses of wild-type flies, following injection of picrotoxin, verifies the notion that both the dorsoventral and the dorsolongitudinal flight muscles share a common activating pathway (Fig. 3). Picrotoxin application to gynandromorph flies demonstrated the existence of neuronal elements additional to the giant axon pathways, that evoke the indirect flight muscles in response to cervical stimulation (Figs. 4, 5). An unexpected finding was the poor correlation between the mosaic external phenotype of the gynandromorph flies ofpara ts mutation and the genotype of neural pathways activating their thoracic flight muscles, as evidenced by the intracellular recordings.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00610662
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophysiological analysis of the temperature-sensitive paralyticDrosophila mutant,para ts (1981)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 144 (1981), S. 409-417 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Paralysis of flight in the temperature-sensitiveDrosophila mutantpara ts was found to be dependent on the rate of heating (Fig. 2). The gradual nature of the onset of paralysis during the temperature elevation was revealed by recording the electrical responses of the thoracic flight muscle fibers, evoked by cervical stimulation (Figs. 3,4). A neural focus of the mutation was indicated by intracellular current injections into identified flight muscle fibers during paralysis (Fig. 5) and by electrical activity recorded from gynandromorph flies, mosaic forpara ts (Table 1). Recording from picrotoxin-treated flies excluded a previous explanation of paralysis by a temperature-induced augmentation of GABAergic inhibition (Fig. 6). Under the same treatment, evidence was presented for a heterogeneous increase of excitation threshold for spike generation in certain neurons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612573
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural observations on the cytoarchitecture of axons processed by rapid-freezing and freeze-substitution (1985)
    Springer
    Journal of neurocytology 14 (1985), S. 943-960 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7381
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure and organization of axons in the cervical connective of wild-typeDrosophila fruit flies were examined in anticipation of studies of various neurological mutants. Dissected flies were rapid-frozen from the living state against a copper block cooled with liquid helium, freeze-substituted, and prepared for electron microscopic examination of thin sections. These cryotechniques showed new details of the structure of cell organelles and cytoplasm inDrosophila axons. The cytoplasmic matrix of axons and glia consists of a material with a fine granular texture enmeshed in a three-dimensional meshwork of short, fine filaments which vary in shape, size and electron density. No neurofilaments are present, but bundles of microtubules are interwoven into the filamentous matrix of the axoplasm. The round wall of microtubules (27 nm overall diameter) is composed of twelve cylindrical protofilaments with a typical substructural periodicity. Mitochondria frequently make contact with microtubules in both axons and glial processes. A thin layer of electron-dense filamentous matrix, which appears to be an axonal basal lamina, contacts most of the axonal exoplasmic surface, especially that of axons where they are surrounded by processes of glial cells, but is scant wherever single axons are contiguous. Thus, an axonal basal lamina occupies the constricted spaces around axons, where extracellular K+ accumulates during neural activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01224806
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure of an excitatory synapse (1979)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 200 (1979), S. 291-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Excitatory synapse ; Lateral line-canal organ ; Synaptic body ; Ultrastructure ; Lota lota (Teleostei)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the afferent synapse in hair cells of the lateral line-canal organ was studied using different fixation and staining techniques. Glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue without post-osmication, contrasted by section staining with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, was compared with (a) osmium tetroxide-fixed tissue followed by the same staining procedure, and with (b) glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue, block-impregnated with phosphotungstic acid (PTA). The results reveal a pronounced heterogeneity in the composition of the synaptic body, reflecting regional differences in chemical affinity to the fixatives and staining agents. It is proposed that the “intracleft substance”, the synaptic structure defined by the PTA staining technique, is actually due to the glutaraldehyde fixation procedure and is apparently the outer leaflet of the postsynaptic membrane. A special technique that allows alternate sections of a series to be differentially stained for electron microscopy is proposed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00236421
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determining the neuronal connectivity of Golgi-impregnated neurons: Ultrastructural assessment of functional aspects (1992)
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Microscopy Research and Technique 23 (1992), S. 324-333 
    Details
    ISSN: 1059-910X
    Keywords: Golgi impregnation ; Golgi-electron microscopy ; Neuronal connectivity ; Neural network ; Synaptic connection ; Dendritic spine ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Natural Sciences in General
    Notes: The combined light and electron microscopic analysis of Golgi-impregnated neural tissue is a potent tool for determining the connectivity of neural networks within the brain. In the experimental paradigms commonly applied in these studies, the Golgi-impregnated neurons are typically examined as the postsynaptic neuronal components. The structural characteristics and the pattern of distribution of their synaptic connections with other groups of identified neurons are analyzed. Due to the high power of resolution of the Golgi-electron microscopic technique, the ultrastructural analysis of Golgi-impregnated neurons can be expanded to elucidate activity-dependent structural alterations in their cytoarchitecture. These structural alterations can then be correlated under different physiological conditions with changes in the functional efficacy of the subcellular neuronal components. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jemt.1070230407
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