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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prediction of congenital toxoplasmosis by polymerase chain reaction analysis of amniotic fluid (2005)
    Oxford, UK and Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 112 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective  To determine the accuracy of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of amniotic fluid for fetal toxoplasmosis according to clinical predictors of outcome and study centre.Design  Prospective cohort study.Setting  Nine European centres.Population  Women with suspected toxoplasma infection identified by prenatal screening.Methods  Logistic regression was used to examine the effects of gestational age at maternal seroconversion, treatment and timing of amniocentesis, on PCR accuracy, and to calculate the post-test probability of congenital toxoplasmosis.Main outcome measures  Infants had congenital toxoplasmosis if specific IgG persisted beyond 11.5 months. Uninfected infants had undetectable IgG in the absence of anti-toxoplasma treatment.Results  Of 593 PCR results, 64 were positive (57 confirmed infected), and 529 were negative (23 confirmed infected). The likelihood ratio for a positive PCR result decreased significantly with trimester at seroconversion, but did not change significantly for a negative result. Weak associations were detected between sensitivity and, inversely, with specificity, and gestational age at maternal seroconversion. There was no significant association between sensitivity and centre, type or duration of treatment, or timing of amniocentesis. Specificity differed significantly between centres (P 〈 0.001). The change in pre- to post-test probability of infection was maximal for a positive PCR after first trimester seroconversion, affecting 1% of women tested, and a negative PCR after third trimester seroconversion, affecting half the women tested.Conclusions  Prediction of the risk of congenital toxoplasmosis should combine estimates of test accuracy and maternal–fetal transmission, which take account of the gestational age at which the mother seroconverted. Local laboratory standards will affect the generalisability of these results.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2005.00486.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Determination of a new cut-off value for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis by detection of specific IgM in an enzyme immunoassay (1993)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical microbiology & infectious diseases 12 (1993), S. 396-398 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-4373
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01964443
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Experimental study of the intra-ocular penetration of ketoconazole in rabbits (1987)
    Springer
    Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology 225 (1987), S. 163-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-702X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We studied 11 healthy rabbits and 15 rabbits with experimentally inducedCandida endophthalmitis. Using a microbiological procedure, ketoconazole levels were determined 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h after its oral administration. Ketoconazole penetration was average in the aqueous humour, significant in tears and poor in the vitreous. Vitreous penetration was not detectable in healthy rabbits or in rabbits with chorioretinits exhibiting little or no vitreous reaction. Such penetration was only significant in rabbits exhibiting massive vitreous exudation; however, in such rabbits, penetration was not always observed (only in 2 out of 6 animals). Given these results, the treatment ofCandida endophthalmitis in humans using ketoconazole would appear to be of questionable value.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02175442
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Candida endophthalmitis after heroin abuse (1985)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 92 (1985), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Three cases of ocular candidosis involving heroin abusers have been observed in 1983 in Toulouse department of ophthalmology. These three patients had used iranian brown heroin. Twenty similar cases have been published in these last years. This new pathology can be explained on two reasons. The first is that the drug abusers have some immunity pertubation; however, immunity exploration in these patients does not reveal any immunodeficiency. The second reason, certainly more important, is the method of using heroin. The diagnosis of Candida endophthalmitis of course based on clinical context must be proved by biological tests. Candida albicans is never identified in aqueous humor. For this reason, it seems very interesting to detect anti-candida antibodies in aqueous humor. It has been used as methods of dosage laser Nephelemetry for IgG and immunofluorescence for candidosis antibodies. The criterion used is similar to the toxoplasmosis coefficient established by Desmonts (3). In two cases, this test was the only way that permits us to have certitude of candidosis ocular diagnosis. Otherwise the observations show that anterior chamber punction is more significant when there is an anterior uveitis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00444086
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Analysis by immunoblotting ofToxoplasma gondii exo-antigens and comparison with somatic antigens (1992)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 78 (1992), S. 222-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two solubleToxoplasma gondii antigen preparations were compared using the immunoblotting technique. The first preparation, which is commonly employed in ELISA tests, corresponds to a lytic extract of the parasite. The second known as exo-antigen, has yielded good results in cell immunity research and is obtained fromToxoplasma gondii culture supernatants. In both preparations, components exhibiting same molecular weight of 57–52 (doublet), 43, 38, 35, 30 and 20 kDa were revealed. In addition, two major 27- and 78-kDa components were detected in exo-antigens. The 30 kDa protein was intensely recognised by all sera, confirming the advantage of its use as an antigen in serological reactions. Exo-antigens could be employed as a soluble antigenic solution because they are easy to obtain, they display good antigenicity and their antigenic composition has been defined. Moreover their preparation does not require mouse inoculation. An evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) involving these antigens has yet to be performed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00931730
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics study and characterisation of target excreted/secreted antigens of immunoglobulin G, M, A and E antibodies from mice infected with different strains ofToxoplasma gondii (1994)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 80 (1994), S. 58-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract A kinetics study and characterisation of target excreted/secreted antigens of immunoglobulin (Ig) G, M, A and E antibodies were realised by Western blotting with immune sera of mice inoculated with three strains ofToxoplasma gondii: RH, C56 and S3. IgG antibodies of the immune sera recognised the major proteins of the three excreted/secreted antigen preparations with molecular masses of 30, 45, 63 and 77 kDa. IgM antibodies recognised proteins revealed by IgG antibodies but with variable intensities; some proteins were revealed during a short period. IgA antibodies did not recognise the 35-kDa antigen or the antigens inferior to 28 kDa. The RH excreted/secreted antigens were revealed with the highest intensity. The IgE antibodies were briefly detected in trace amounts during period from the 20th to the 35th day. The RH strain with its excreted/secreted antigens had the best antigenicity and is a good model for immunoprotection studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00932625
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inhibitory activity of anti-interleukin-4 and anti-interleukin-10 antibodies on Toxoplasma gondii proliferation in mouse peritoneal macrophages cocultured with splenocytes from infected mice (2000)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 86 (2000), S. 151-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Cocultures of splenocytes from Toxoplasma gondii-immunized mice or from naive mice, separated by a transwell membrane from naive macrophage layers, induced a decrease in T. gondii proliferation in macrophages in comparison with cultures without splenocytes or cocultures with splenocytes from infected mice. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-10 levels increased in cocultures of splenocytes from infected mice with naive macrophages. In contrast, the levels of these cytokines decreased in cocultures with splenocytes from immunized mice. No correlation was found between the release of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and the inhibition of parasite multiplication. Cocultures with splenocytes from immunized mice induced an increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. In contrast, in cocultures with splenocytes from infected mice, TNF-α production decreased. In cocultures with splenocytes from infected mice, T. gondii proliferation in macrophages was neutralized by anti-IL4 or anti-IL10 antibodies and was associated with increased TNF-α production. Moreover, this study demonstrates the significant combined effect of IL-4 and IL-10 on the down-regulation of macrophage-effector functions. A soluble positive signal was given by splenocytes to induce the production of TNF-α by macrophages. This signal was inhibited by IL4 and IL10. This process is biologically relevant in the regulation of T. gondii proliferation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050024
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parasitemia and parasitic loads in acute infection and after anti-gamma-interferon treatment in a toxoplasmic mouse model (1997)
    Springer
    Parasitology research 83 (1997), S. 339-344 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Toxoplasma gondii infection was induced in Swiss-Webster mice by intraperitoneal inoculation of avirulent Beverley strain cysts. We studied parasitemia and parasitic loads first in acute toxoplasmosis, then in the chronic stage of the disease. In the latter stage a group of mice received weekly administration of a rabbit antiserum directed against mouse gamma-interferon. Parasitemia, sequentially determined by amplification of the B1 gene using polymerase chain reaction, persisted for more than 1 month in acute toxoplasmosis. Brain and lung parasitic loads, assessed by a tissue-culture method, were significantly increased in mice treated with anti-interferon. Moreover, this increase was prevented by concomitant administration of pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, suggesting that early prophylaxis would be suitable. Surprisingly, the anti-interferon treatment induced neither abnormal clinical signs nor a significant rise in the parasitemia level. Such a model seems to be particularly appropriate for the comparison of different strains of Toxoplasma gondii in a moderately immunodeficient state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004360050258
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