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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum levels of phospholipid fatty acids in mothers and their babies in relation to allergic disease (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of pediatrics 157 (1998), S. 298-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1076
    Keywords: Key words Fatty acids ; Pregnancies ; Cord blood ; Allergic disease ; Prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The fatty acid composition of serum phospholipids was analysed by gas chromatography in 26 non-allergic and 32 allergic mothers at the time of delivery. In 47 of them the levels were compared with those in the cord blood of their babies. The children were then followed for 6 years with regard to the development of allergic disease. There was an inverse relationship between the levels of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) and its metabolic products arachidonic acid (AA, C20:4n-6) (r = −0.63, P 〈 0.001), and C22:4 (r = −0.50, P 〈 0.01) in the non-allergic, but not in allergic mothers (r = 0.25 and r = −0.39, respectively). Comparing the fatty acid levels in maternal and umbilical cord serum, a significant correlation was observed between the LA levels in serum of non-allergic mothers and their babies (r = 0.53, P 〈 0.05). Furthermore, the maternal dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DHGLA, C20:3n-6) levels correlated with the cord serum levels of AA (r = 0.65, P 〈 0.01) and C22:4 (r = 0.65, P 〈 0.01) and with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3, r = 0.65, P 〈 0.01). None of these relationships were seen when comparing the fatty acid levels in the allergic mothers and their babies. In the mothers of children who did not develop any allergic manifestations during the first 6 years of life, the AA levels correlated with C22:4 (r = 0.53, P 〈 0.001) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) (r = 0.56, P 〈 0.001). Similar findings were recorded within the n-3 series of fatty acids, i.e. the levels of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, C22:5n-3) correlated with DHA (r = 0.61, P 〈 0.001). None of these correlations were significant in the 20 mothers whose babies developed allergic disease (r = 0.42, 0.28 and 0.44 respectively). Taken together, the findings indicate that there is an abnormal metabolism relationship between some of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in allergic mothers, affecting their infants. Furthermore, the findings suggest an association between the fatty acid composition in maternal serum and the appearance of allergic disease in their children during the first 6 years of life. Conclusion The proportions of various long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were altered in the serum phospholipids of allergic pregnant mothers and in mothers whose babies developed allergic disease over the first 6 years of life, indicating that atopy is associated with a disturbed fatty acid metabolism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004310050815
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mite (Der p 1, Der f 1) and cat (Fel d 1) allergens in the homes of babies with a family history of allergy (1993)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Allergy 48 (1993), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1398-9995
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Carpet and floor dust samples were collected in four different seasons, from 39 Swedish homes of babies with a family history of allergy. House-dust mite (Der p 1, Der f 1) and cat (Fel d 1) allergen contents were determined by mab ELISA, and the levels were related to various environmental factors. Both mite and cat antigens were detected in 94% of the samples and in all homes, but the levels were low (Der p 1, range 15 ng–1944 ng/g fine dust; Der f 1, range 14 ng–264 ng/g of fine dust; Fel d 1, range 16 ng–3120 ng/g fine dust). Mite-allergen levels were significantly higher (P〈0.001) in floor dust than in carpets, and D. pteronyssinus predominated. In contrast, the levels of cat antigen were significantly (P〈0.05) higher in carpets than in floor dust. There was no clear relation between mite-allergen levels and type of house, except that the higher values were found in homes with dampness problems. Cat-allergen levels were higher than total mite-allergen content, and the highest levels were found in homes with a cat (P〈0.05). Rather high concentrations of cat allergen were also found in homes without a cat, which may explain why cat sensitization is so common in Sweden. As the prevalence of house-dust mite sensitivity is increasing in Swedish children, and as the individual patient threshold for eliciting symptoms varies, we suggest that sensitization may possibly occur at a lower exposure level than generally accepted as risk level for sensitization (2 μg/g dust).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1993.tb00706.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparison of the development of antibody responses to the polysaccharide antigen (Candida albicans mannan) in atopic and healthy infants and children (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 26 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Defeetive antibody response againsl bacterial polysaccharide antigens is known to be associated with recurrent pyogenic infectiotis. The role of childhood allergy as a risk factor for repeated infections with capsulated micro-organisms has been controversial.Objective To compare the devetopment of polysaccharide specific antibody responses in atopic and healthy infants and children.Methods The antibody responses against a common polysaccharide antigen, Candida albicans mannan, were studied longitudinally in 18 atopic and 19 non-atopic children over the first 5 years of life. Determinations of IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies were carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and IgE antibodies by nitrocellulose-based radioallergosorbent test.Results The polysaccharide specific antibody responses were similar in both groups, except that anti-mannan IgM levels were higher at 5 years in the atopic children (P〈0.05. student's t-test).Conclusion Atopic children are not more susceptible to bacterial infections on the basis of poorer ability to produce antibodies against polysaccharide antigens.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00075.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High anti-IgE levels at birth are associated with a reduced allergy prevalence in infants at risk: a prospective study (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 24 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Development of atopic disease was prospectively studied in 148 children from birth to the age of 18 months and related to serum levels of IgG anti-IgE antibody. Children with a dual heredity of allergy, but remaining healthy, had significantly higher IgG anti-IgE levels at birth than children with a similar predisposition to allergy, who became allergic. Children with increased allergy risk, defined by elevated IgE levels at birth (〉= 0.53 kU/l) and with probable allergy symptoms had also significantly higher IgG anti-IgE levels at birth than children of the same risk group, developing definite allergy. Independent of allergy risk, there was a significantly lower prevalence of atopic disease in children with cord serum levels of IgG anti-IgE above 350AU.1 than in children with lower levels. Additionally, we showed that the allergy predictive capacity of IgE levels in cord serum was slightly improved in specificity, sensitivity and efficiency by including not only the family history of allergy, but also cord serum levels of IgG anti-IgE. Our results thus raise the possibility that high levels of IgG anti-IgE protect children of increased allergy risk from early development of atopic disease and reduce the severity of symptoms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb00989.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical symptoms and IgE responses to common food proteins and inhalants in the first 7 years of life (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 17 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A group of eighty-six children followed from birth to 4 years of age and previously reported was now re-investigated at the age of 7 years. The prevalence of atopy/allergy was 15%. All of the children with current atopy/allergy had had previous manifestations during their first 4 years of life. No child was allergic to milk at the age of 7 years and only two of the six children with a previous allergy to eggs retained their allergy. No other children had developed allergies to milk or eggs. Only one of the eight children with an elevated level of IgE antibodies to egg white (RAST class I or more) during infancy still had increased concentrations of such antibodies. No child had developed an elevated level of IgE antibodies to egg white or milk after the first year of life. Clinical allergies to inhalants had increased from 1% at 4 years of age to 7% at 7 years. Children with elevated levels of IgE antibodies to inhalants had increased from 7% at 4 years of age to 10% at 7 years. The majority of them had had increased levels of IgE antibodies to egg white during infancy. The specificity of an elevated level of cord blood IgE, i.e. above 0.9 kU/1 for predicting atopy/allergy during the first 7 years of life and for current atopy/allergy at 7 years of age were both 95%. The corresponding figures for presence of elevated levels of IgE antibodies to egg white (positive RAST) during infancy were 98 and 97%, respectively. The sensitivity of the cord blood IgE predictor was 14 and 17%. respectively and for a positive RAST to egg white during infancy 32 and 50%, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1987.tb02053.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-dose exposure to cat is associated with clinical tolerance – a modified Th2 immune response? (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Allergen-specific IgG4 antibodies, it is suggested, may be protecting against allergy development by blocking responses. Levels are proposed as a marker of modified Th2 response.Objectives To assess the levels of IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies to cat in relation to cat exposure, asthma and allergic diseases.Methods We studied a population-based sample of 412 schoolchildren of 12–13 years of age. Parents of 402 children completed a questionnaire covering their child's medical history, the keeping of cats and other background data. Skin prick tests (SPTs) to common aeroallergens were performed in 371 of the children. Blood samples for the analyses of IgE, IgG1 and IgG4 antibodies were obtained from 309 of them.Results All children had an immune response to cat, predominantly of the IgG1 subclass. The levels of cat-specific IgG1 and IgG4, but not IgE, were high in children currently keeping a cat. Children with asthma had increased levels of cat-specific IgE and IgG1, and children with a positive SPT to cat also had increased IgG4. The presence of IgG4 was not associated with asthma or sensitization, unless there was a simultaneous production of IgE. Twenty-five percent of the children had an immune response with only IgG4, and no IgE antibodies to cat. This group of children had the highest frequency of cat-keeping, but a similar prevalence of asthma and allergy as those with neither IgE nor IgG4 antibodies to cat.Conclusion Cat-keeping was associated with a modified Th2 response, producing IgG4 but not IgE antibodies. This immune response was not associated with an increased risk of asthma or allergy. However, the IgG4 antibodies did not directly mediate any protective effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2003.01821.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Total and allergen-specific immunoglobulin A levels in saliva in relation to the development of allergy in infants up to 2 years of age (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 32 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The association between salivary IgA levels and development of allergy is controversial and the employed methodology has been questioned.Objective The aim of the study was to relate the levels of total IgA, SIgA and allergen-specific IgA antibodies in saliva to the development of allergy in infants during the first 2 years of life.Methods Saliva samples from 80 infants participating in a prospective study regarding the development of allergy were collected at 3 or 6, and 12 and 24 months of age. Total IgA, SIgA and Fel d 1 and β-lactoglobulin specific IgA levels were analysed with ELISA.Results The levels of total IgA and SIgA increased with age. The number of samples with detectable IgA to Fel d 1 tended to increase with age, whereas the opposite was observed for IgA to β-lactoglobulin. Infants who developed allergy tended to have higher levels of total IgA, and allergen-specific IgA was more commonly detected than in non-allergic children. In contrast, non-allergic children tended to have higher levels of SIgA. Furthermore, the levels of SIgA were higher in sensitized infants with no allergic symptoms than in sensitized children with symptoms. Infants with allergic parents had lower SIgA levels than infants without. Direct exposure to cat and cow's milk did not influence the levels of allergen-specific IgA levels, nor was there any association between breast-feeding and IgA production.Conclusion The kinetics of food and inhalant allergen-specific IgA in saliva during the first 2 years of life is similar to what has earlier been shown for IgG in serum. Development of allergy tended to be associated with high levels of total and allergen-specific IgA antibodies, but low levels of SIgA. Furthermore, high levels of SIgA seemed to protect sensitized children from developing allergic symptoms during the first 2 years of life, supporting a possible protective role of SIgA against development of allergy.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01470.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Low-level exposure to house dust mites stimulates T-cell responses during early childhood independent of atopy (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 26 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background The imtnune responses which underlie the expression of allergic symptotns in childhood are believed lo be initiated in infancy and early childhood. The kinetics of this response have hardly been researched.Objective To analyse, in an environment with low house dust mite (HDM) exposure levels, the relationship between house dust mite (HDM)-specific T-cell reactivity as expressed by in vitro proliferation of blood mononuclear cells.Methods The study comprised a prospective analysis of patterns of allergen-specific T-cell reactivity in a cohort of 19 children, from whom blood samples were obtained in the spring during their second and third years of life. Blood mononuclear cell cultures were established in 200 μL AIM-V serum free medium. Crude house dust mite (HDM) and purified Der p 1 and Der p 2 extracts were used at optimal concentrations, i.e. 100μg/mL for HDM and 30μg/mL for the purified allergens. Tetanus toxoid (0.5 μglrnL) and ovalbumin (10 μg/mL) served as positive controls. A clinical diagnosis of allergy was verified with skin-prick tests. Dust samples were collected from a mattress and/or carpet or sofa in homes, day care centres and day care homes. Major mite allergen levels (Der p 1/Der f 1) in dust were analysed by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results Specific T-cell responses were seen in the majority of the children against house dust mite (crude HDM extract. Der p 1 and Der p 2). The levels of the house dust mite allergens Der p 1 and Der f I were low, i.e. 〈 0.68 μg/g fine dust in the homes of the children and the day care centres that they were attending. This indicates that doses of mite antigen well below the suggested sensitization threshold level of 2 μg/g dust can induce mite-specific T-cell responses in young children. None of them showed clinical reactivity to house dust mites as indicated by negative skin-prick tests.Conclusions The findings suggest that active immunological recognition of environmental allergens and the ensuing initiation of allergen-specific T-cell responses, is a normal part of the ‘education’ of the immune system in early childhood and can occur even at very low exposure levels. Priming per se does not imply clinically significant sensitivity, however.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00607.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of type of feeding on lymphocyte function and development of infantile allergy (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 12 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Symptom scores indicating infantile allergy were recorded longitudinally in a group of infants during the first year of life. The symptom scores were related to duration of breast-feeding. Lymphocyte function, measured as the proliferative responsiveness to PHA-stimulation, was related to feeding with breast-milk or cow's milk. Babies with a short duration of breast-feeding; i.e. 1 month or less had significantly higher symptom scores at the ages of 1 month (P 〈 0.05), 3 months (P 〈 0.05), 6 months (P 〈 0.001) and 12 months (P 〈 0.05), than babies who were breast-fed for more than 1 month. The lymphocyte responsiveness to PHA was significantly higher at 3 and 6 months in babies who were fed cow's milk compared with those who were solely or partially breast-fed (P 〈 0.05 and P 〈 0.01 respectively). There was no correlation between symptom scores and lymphocyte responsiveness. It is concluded that infantile allergy is more common in babies with a short duration of breast-feeding and that feeding with cow's milk, compared to breast-feeding, causes a changed lymphocyte reactivity to PHA, which latter finding indicates an altered T-cell function between the two feeding groups.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1982.tb02546.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Atopic sensitization and atopic dermatitis in Estonian and Swedish infants (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Early life events seem to have a major impact on the development of tolerance or sensitization.Objective The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of sensitization and atopic dermatitis (AD) during the first 2 years of life in Estonia and in Sweden.Methods Two groups comprising 110 Estonian and 123 Swedish infants were followed from birth up to 2 years of age. Data about symptoms of allergy, infections and use of antibiotics were obtained by questionnaires. Clinical examinations, skin prick tests (SPTs) with food and inhalant allergens, and blood sampling for IgE analyses were carried out at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months.Results The cumulative incidence of AD and positive SPTs were lower in the Estonian than the Swedish infants (14% vs. 24%; P=0.06 and 13% vs. 24%; P=0.03), while circulating IgE antibodies were more common (39% vs. 27%; P=0.06) and often present without any clinical significance in Estonian children. Estonian infants had respiratory illnesses more often and they had received antibiotics more frequently. Use of antibiotics increased the risk for positive SPT in the Estonian (odds ratio=1.7, 95% confidence interval=1.1−2.5), but not in the Swedish infants. This may be explained by the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in Estonia, while in Sweden mostly penicillin was prescribed.Conclusions The prevalence of AD and positive SPTs was lower in the Estonian than the Swedish infants, while circulating IgE antibodies were more common and often present without any clinical significance. These differences cannot simply be explained by infections, or use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in the two countries, although more the natural lifestyle in Estonia may be contributing factor.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02157.x
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