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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 60 (1983), S. 81-91 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Brain injury ; Status epilepticus ; Hyperoxia ; Hypoxia ; Hypotension ; Vitamin E
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A previous study from the laboratory showed that status epilepticus induced by bicuculline administration to ventilated rats produced astrocytic swelling and nerve cell changes (“type 1 and 2 injury”) particularly in layers 3 and 5 of the neocortex (Söderfeldt et al. 1981). The type 1 injured neurons were characterized by condensation of cyto-and karyoplasm and the less common type 2 cells were characterized by swelling of endoplasmic reticulum including the nuclear envelope. In the present study we explored whether changes in cerebral oxygen availability altered the extent or character of the cellular alterations. Animals with 2 h of status epilepticus were made either hyperoxic (administration of 100% O2), hypoxic (arterialpO2 50 mm Hg) or hypotensive (arterial blood pressure of either 70–75 or 50 mm Hg). Furthermore, we explored whether “oxidative” damage occurred by manipulating tissue levels of α-tocopherol, a known free radical scavenger. Non-epileptic control animals exposed to comparable degrees of hypoxia or hypotension showed no or minimal structural alterations. In the epileptic animals the results were as follows.Hyperoxia did not change the quality or extent of the structural alterations previously observed in normoxic epileptic animals. Neither administration nor deficiency ofvitamin E did modify this pattern of alterations. Inhypoxia the extent of cell damage was the same or somewhat larger than in normoxic, epileptic animals. In addition, neurons often showed cytoplasmic microvacuoles due to swelling of mitochondria. The hypoxic animals also showed swelling of astrocytic nuclei with clumped chromatin. Changes similar to those observed in hypoxic animals also appeared in moderatehypotension (mean arterial blood pressure 50 mm Hg), whereas mild hypotension (70–75 mm Hg) did not change the character of the tissue injury from that seen in hyperoxic or normoxic epileptic rats. The present results demonstrate that the neuronal cell damage that can be observed when the brain is fixed by perfusion after status epilepticus of 2 h duration is not exaggerated by hyperoxia or vitamin E deficiency nor is it ameliorated by a moderate restriction in cerebral oxygen supply or by vitamin E administration. If anything, hypoxia (or moderate hypotension) appears to increase the extent of damage and it clearly alters its ultrastructural characteristics. However, although the results fail to support the notion that epileptic cell damage is “oxidative”, definite conclusions must await information on the cell damage that remains upon arrest of the epileptic activity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 0022-3956
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 203 (1972), S. 119-132 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Cerebrospinal Fluid Proteins ; Cerebrospinal Fluid Immunoglobulins ; Multiple Sclerosis ; Immunochemistry ; Liquor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Gehalt von 16 verschiedenen Eiweißkörpern wurde bestimmt in unkonzentriertem Liquor cerebrospinalis und im Serum mit dem Verfahren der radialen Immunodiffusion. Die Untersuchung umfaßte 20 Patienten mit verschiedenen neurologischen Krankheitszuständen und mit Eiweißgehalten im Liquor zwischen 26 und 299 mg per 100 ml. Eine mit steigendem Gesamteiweißgehalt simultane Steigerung der meisten quantitativ bestimmten Liquoreiweißkörper wurde festgestellt. Eine positive, statistisch signifikante Korrelation zwischen dem Liquorgehalt von Haptoglobin, α2-Makroglobulin und β-Lipoprotein und dem Gesamteiweißgehalt im Liquor wurde doch erst erhalten, wenn der Serumgehalt dieser Eiweißkörper mit in Betracht genommen wurde. Der Liquorgehalt einzelner Proteine ist vom Molekulargewicht der Proteine abhängig, und bei Patienten mit sowohl normalem wie erhöhtem Gesamteiweißgehalt im Liquor scheint ein Mechanismus zu bestehen, der den Eintritt von niedermolekularen Eiweißkörpern in den Liquorraum fördert. Folgende Ausnahmen von diesen allgemeinen Regeln wurden offenbar: 1. Der Gehalt von Prealbumin und von Transferrin war in den meisten der 20 Fälle, der Gehalt von Immunoglobulin G in einem Teil der Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose höher, als man annehmen könnte, mit Ausgangspunkt von den Molekulargewichten und den Serumgehalten; 2. der Liquorgehalt von Gamma-trace protein war erheblich höher, als man mit Ausgangspunkt von dem Molekulargewicht und dem Serumgehalt voraussehen könnte; außerdem konnte keine Korrelation zwischen dem Liquorgehalt von Gamma-trace protein und dem Gesamteiweißgehalt im Liquor festgestellt werden; 3. eine positive Korrelation wurde gefunden zwischen dem Liquorgehalt von Beta-trace protein und von Gesamtprotein, während der Serumgehalt von Beta-trace protein unmeßbar war, weshalb eine andere Quelle als Serum für den erhöhten Liquorgehalt dieses Eiweißkörpers angenommen werden muß.
    Notes: Summary The concentrations of 16 different proteins have been determined in unconcentrated CSF and in serum by radial immunodiffusion. The study included 20 patients with different neurological disorders and with total protein concentrations in CSF ranging between 26 and 299 mg per 100 ml. A simultaneous increase of most of the CSF proteins quantitated was found with increased total protein concentrations. A positive, statistically significant correlation between the concentrations of haptoglobin, α2-macroglobulin and β-lipoprotein in CSF, and the total protein concentration in CSF, however, was first obtained when the concentration of the protein in serum was also taken into account. The concentration of individual proteins in CSF seems to be influenced by the molecular weight of the proteins, and patients with normal, as well as increased, total protein concentrations in CSF seem to have a mechanism favouring the entrance into the CSF of proteins with low molecular weights. The following exceptions from these general rules became obvious: 1. The concentrations of prealbumin and transferrin in most CSF specimens, and the concentration of immunoglobulin G in some of the multiple sclerosis CSF specimens were higher than would be expected on the basis of the molecular weights and the concentrations in serum; 2. the concentration of gamma-trace protein in CSF was also considerably higher than would be expected on the basis of the molecular weight and the concentration in serum; in addition, no correlation existed between the concentration of this protein in CSF and the total protein concentration in CSF; 3. a positive correlation was shown to exist between the concentration of beta-trace protein in CSF and the total protein concentration in CSF, whereas the concentration in serum was unmeasurable, indicating a source other than serum for the increasing concentrations of this protein in CSF.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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