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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Group-Type Identification of Oil Samples Using Comprehensive Two- Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled to a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (GC×GC-TOF) (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 507-510 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional GC ; time-of-flight ; oil analysis ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In this work a comprehensive two-dimensional system (GC×GC) was coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF/MS) for the analysis of oil samples. Group-types like the alkanes and saturated cyclic compounds (naphthenes), which are present in oil, are shown separately by selecting their unique masses. On selecting appropriate ion fragments, this method also permits the determination of sulfur- and oxygen-containing species in oil. Former results obtained by FID detection could be confirmed. After proper selection of unique ions in GC×GC-TOF both selectivity and sensitivity increase.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Automated sample cleanup using on-line coupling of size exclusion chromatography to high resolution gas chromatography (1994)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 17 (1994), S. 411-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Size exclusion chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Coupled LC-GC ; Cleanup and analysis ; Automation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: A fully automated on-line sample cleanup system based on the coupling of size exclusion chromatography to high resolution gas chromatography is described. The transfer technique employed is based on fully concurrent solvent evaporation using a loop-type interface, early vapor exit and co-solvent trapping. Optimization of the LC-GC transfer was done visually via an all-glass oven door. To circumvent the problem of mixing within the injection loop, an adaptation was made to the standard loop-type interface. The determination of a series of additives in a polymer matrix is presented as one example of the vast range of applications opened up by this technique.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240170607
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of complex hydrocarbon mixtures using on-line coupling of size-exclusion chromatography and normal-phase liquid chromatography to high-resolution gas chromatography (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 125-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Size-exclusion Chromatography ; Normal-phase liquid chromatography ; Gas Chromatography Coupled LC-LC ; Coupled LC-GC ; Cleanup and analysis ; Group-type separations ; Automation ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: An on-line coupling of size-exclusion Chromatography (SEC), normal-phase liquid Chromatography (NPLC), and gas Chromatography (GC) for the characterization of complex hydrocarbon mixtures is described. The hyphenated system separates according to size, polarity, and boiling point. The use of size exclusion as the first separation step allows for the direct injection of complex (“dirty”) samples withont prior clean-up. SEC-NPLC coupling was realized using an on-line solvent evaporator based on fully concurrent solvent evaporation (FCSE) using a modified loop-type interface, vapor exit and co-solvent trapping. Complete reconcentration of the analytes was realized by the introduction of a cryogenic cold trap. For the subsequent hydrocarbon group-type separation an ammo-silica column with n-heptane as eluent was used. The NPLC-GC coupling was based on an on-column interface using partially concurrent solvent evaporation (PCSE) and an early vapor exit. Initial results obtained on the analysis of a residue from the atmospheric crude-oil distillation (a so-called long residue) are presented as an example of the enormous separation power of the SEC-NPLC-GC system. The application of the system for quantitative analysis has not yet been studied.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240200302
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) as a Diagnostic Tool (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 21 (1998), S. 63-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Injection port performance ; comprehensive two-dimensional GC ; GC× ; GC ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Additional Material: 2 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Compehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and its applicability to the characterization of complex (petrochemical) mixtures (1997)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 20 (1997), S. 539-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multi-dimensional gas chromatography ; Orthogonal separations ; GCxGC ; Comprehensive two-dimensational chromatography ; Characterization of petroleum samples ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: In general, petrochemical products contain only a limited number of chemical classes of compounds (sample dimensionality). The enormous number of individual components within these classes, however, soon puts limitations upon a single chromatographic technique when it comes to adequate characterization of these products. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) clearly opens the possibility of estimating the composition of hydrocarbon mixtures in a far more detailed fashion than hitherto possible. Although the emphasis of papers of GCxGC thus far almost exclusively applies to the unsurpassed peak-capacity, in the oil industry there is a need for characterization, rather than for analyzing all the individual compounds. In principle a GCxGC system can provide an almost perfect match between its intrinsic properties and the dimensionality of oil samples. To establish the applicability of GCxGC towards petrochemical analytical challenges, a commercially aavailable prototype instrument was subjected to an exhaustive characterization of a typical hydrocarbon precess stream and a fast characterization of a light gas oil. Although there are no fundamental limitations towards the quantitative aspects of a GCxGC system, this paper confines itself to qualitative results only. Quantitative aspects of GCxGC will be published in a forthcoming paper.
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jhrc.1240201005
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quantitative Aspects of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) (1998)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 21 (1998), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: multidimensional gas chromatography ; comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography ; GC×GC ; characterization of petroleum samples ; quantitative analyses ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---A software program was developed to enable the quantification of the complex 3D-data sets as produced by GC×GC. Using this software, it was demonstrated that the detectability limit of GC×GC in our study is 18 times better than that of ‘normal’ capillary gas chromatography (CGC). This enhancement is due to the signal increase produced by the thermal modulation effect. The relative standard deviation of 0.9% as measured on a test mixture was excellent. Furthermore, a comparison was made for the group-type separation of heavy gas oils between the hyphenation of LC and GC (LC-GC) and GC×GC. Although these separations are different in nature, the agreement of the results of both methods was very good. The results of GC×GC may even be more accurate, since, different from CGC, even in the most complex chromatograms the baseline in the second dimension chromatograms is always present.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Robust Thermal Modulator for Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (1999)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 22 (1999), S. 3-10 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Multidimensional Gas Chromatography ; orthogonal separations ; GC×GC ; comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography ; characterization of gasoline ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---In comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC), two capillary columns are connected in series through an interface known as a “thermal modulator”. This device transforms effluent from the first capillary column into a series of sharp injection-like chemical pulses suitable for high-speed chromatography on the second column. Dramatic increases in the resolving power, sensitivity, and speed of the gas chromatograph result. This paper describes the development of a robust and reliable thermal modulator for GC×GC.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Proper Tuning of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC×GC) to Optimize the Separation of Complex Oil Fractions (2000)
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Journal of High Resolution Chromatography 23 (2000), S. 182-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 0935-6304
    Keywords: Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography ; GC×GC ; thermal modulation ; oil analysis ; petroleum analysis ; analysis of middle-distillate oil fractions ; Chemistry ; Analytical Chemistry and Spectroscopy
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: ---Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is an utterly suitable separation technique for the analysis of complex samples, such as oil fractions. Once the two columns and the operating conditions are properly tuned, the technique is able to provide a detailed characterization of such materials. Some considerations applying to the tuning of a GC×GC system for a specific separation are presented and discussed. The authors present a number of different column sets and conditions which allow the separation of a non-aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, a kerosene, the light end of a crude oil, and an olefinic fraction, respectively. The highly structured GC×GC chromatograms, together with chemical knowledge about the samples, provide a much more comprehensive characterization of the samples than hitherto possible.
    Additional Material: 7 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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