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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wechselbeziehungen zwischen den Keimblättern bei der Organbildung von Chrysopa perla (L.) (1942)
    Springer
    Development genes and evolution 141 (1942), S. 159-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00593734
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth of Nitrobacter in the presence of organic matter (1976)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 108 (1976), S. 305-312 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter agilis ; Chemoorganotrophic growth ; Acetate ; Formate ; Pyruvate ; Yeast extract-peptone ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 1. After a resting period of up to 6 months cells of Nitrobacter agilis grow with acetate, formate, and pyruvate as carbon and energy source. Yeast extract and peptone were added to supply the organism with nitrogen and to meet possible vitamin requirements. 2. The length of the growth period depends on the substrate; it increases according to the following sequence: pyruvate, formate, acetate. The highest growth yield is observed with pyruvate, the lowest with formate. 3. O2 consumption is increased in the presence of substrates as compared to endogenous respiration. With pyruvate and acetate twice as much O2 is consumed, with formate 7 times, with yeast extractpeptone 10 times as much. 4. The ability of nitrite oxidation is largely preserved, except in cells grown with acetate or pyruvate in the presence of 0.015% yeast extract and peptone. Such cells have nearly no cytochrome a 1. Accordingly, the cytochrome spectra of nitrite oxidizers grown under chemoorganotrophic and lithoautotrophic conditions coincide qualitatively. 5. The nitrite oxidizing system is inducible. It is induced by nitrite but also by substances present in yeast extract and peptone. Cells grown on acetate and yeast extract and peptone (0.015%) require 3–4 weeks before they regain the ability to grow with nitrite. Cells grown chemoorganotrophically with the same substrates and yeast extract and peptone (0.15%) start growing with nitrite as energy source without a lag. 6. Cell size and form, distribution of storage materials, order and fine structure of double membranes are correlated with growth conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454857
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Membrane-bound nitrite oxidoreductase of Nitrobacter: evidence for a nitrate reductase system (1984)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 140 (1984), S. 153-158 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter hamburgensis ; Nitrite oxidoreductase ; Nitrate reductase ; Molybdenum iron-sulfur protein ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Nitrite oxidoreductase, the essential enzyme complex of nitrite oxidizing membranes, was isolated from cells of the nitrifying bacterium Nitrobacter hamburgensis. The enzyme system was solubilized and purified in the presence of 0.25% sodium deoxycholate. Nitrite oxidoreductase oxidized nitrite to nitrate in the presence of ferricyanide. The pH optimum was 8.0, and the apparent K m value for nitrite amounted to 3.6 mM. With reduced methyl-and benzylviologen nitrite oxidoreductase exhibited nitrate reductase activity with an apparent K m value of 0.9 mM for nitrate. NADH was also a suitable electron donor for nitrate reduction. The pH optimum was 7.0. Treatment with SDS resulted in the dissociation into 3 subunits of 116,000, 65,000 and 32,000. The enzyme complex contained iron, molydbenum, sulfur and copper. A c-type cytochrome was present. Isolated nitrite oxidoreductase is a particle of 95±30 Å in diameter.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00454918
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    pH-metrische Untersuchungen über den Phosphatstoffwechsel lebender Zellen von Nitrobacter winogradskyi Buch. (1968)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 63 (1968), S. 70-84 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. In Zellsuspensionen von Nitrobacter winogradskyi, die unter N2-Atmosphäre geschüttelt werden, ist die oxydative Phosphorylierung nach Zugabe von geringen Mengen Luft mit der pH-Meßtechnik exakt meßbar. 2. Der pH-Anstieg ist abhängig vom Gehalt an labilem PO4 in der Zelle. Zellen, die kein labiles PO4 gespeichert haben, zeigen keine meßbare Atmungskettenphosphorylierung. 3. Nach Zugabe von K2HPO4 zu ruhenden, nichtoxydierenden Suspensionen steigt der pH-Wert entsprechend dem Einbau des PO4-Anions an. Das Orthophosphat wird größtenteils in die labile PO4-Fraktion eingebaut. 4. Ruhende nichtoxydierende Zellen, die zu Versuchsbeginn viel labiles PO4 gespeichert haben, nehmen von angebotenem PO4 nichts weiter auf. 5. Die labile PO4-Fraktion besteht größtenteils aus Polyphosphaten. 6. Die oxydative Phosphorylierung mit endogenem Substrat wird durch die NO2′-Oxydation gehemmt.
    Notes: Summary 1. Oxidative phosphorylation can be measured exactly using the pH-technique after adding small amounts of air to cell suspensions of Nitrobacter winogradskyi, shaken under nitrogen atmosphere. 2. The increase in pH depends on the content of labile PO4 in the cell. Cells without accumulated labile PO4 have no measurable oxidative phosphorylation. 3. After adding K2HPO4 to suspensions of resting, non-oxidizing cells the pH increase is corresponding to the incorporation of the PO4-anion. The PO4 is chiefly incorporated in the fraction of labile PO4. 4. Resting, non-oxidizing cells which have accumulated quantities of labile PO4 at the beginning of the experiment, do not adsorb further PO4. 5. The fraction of labile PO4 mainly consists of polyphosphates. 6. The oxidation of NO2′ inhibits the oxidative phosphorylation with endogenous substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407066
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The impact of organic matter on nitric oxide formation by Nitrosomonas europaea (1992)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 158 (1992), S. 439-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrification ; Nitrosomonas ; Nitrogenloss ; Nitric oxide ; Nitrous oxide ; Hydroxylamine ; Pyruvate ; Chemodenitrification ; Nitrobacter
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chemolithoautotrophically growing cells of Nitrosomonas europaea quantitatively oxidized ammonia to nitrite under aerobic conditions with no loss of inorganic nitrogen. Significant inorganic nitrogen losses occurred when cells were growing mixotrophically with ammonium, pyruvate, yeast extract and peptone. Under oxygen limitation the nitrogen losses were even higher. In the absence of oxygen pyruvate was metabolized slowly while nitrite was consumed concomitantly. Nitrogen losses were due to the production of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide. In mixed cultures of Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, strong inhibition of nitrite oxidation was reproducibly measured. NO and ammonium were not inhibitory to Nitrobacter. First evidence is given that hydroxylamine, the intermediate of the Nitrosomonas monooxygenase-reaction, is formed. 0.2 to 1.7 μM NH2OH were produced by mixotrophically growing cells of Nitrosomonas and Nitrosovibrio. Hydroxylamine was both a selective inhibitory agent to Nitrobacter cells and a strong reductant which reduced nitrite to NO and N2O. It is discussed whether chemodenitrification or denitrification is the most abundant process for NO and N2O production of Nitrosomonas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00276306
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and immunocytochemical location of the nitrite-oxidizing system in Nitrospira moscoviensis (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 169 (1998), S. 225-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsNitrospira moscoviensis ; Nitrite-oxidizing system ; Membrane-associated enzyme ; Periplasmic space ; Monoclonal antibodies ; Post-embedding labeling ; Hexagonal pattern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A membrane-associated nitrite-oxidizing system of Nitrospira moscoviensis was isolated from heat-treated membranes. The four major proteins of the enzyme fraction had apparent molecular masses of 130, 62, 46, and 29 kDa, respectively. The nitrite-oxidizing activity was dependent on the presence of molybdenum. In contrast to the nitrite oxidoreductase of Nitrobacter hamburgensis X14, the activity of the nitrite-oxidizing system of Ns. moscoviensis increased when solubilized by heat treatment. Electron microscopy of the purified enzyme revealed uniform particles with a size of approximately 7 × 9 nm. SDS-immunoblotting analysis of crude extracts showed that the monoclonal antibodies Hyb 153–3, which recognize the β-subunit of the nitrite oxidoreductase from Nitrobacter, reacted with a protein of 50 kDa in Ns. moscoviensis. This protein corresponded to the protein of 46 kDa of the purified enzyme and contained a b-type cytochrome. Using electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and the monoclonal antibodies Hyb 153–3, the nitrite-oxidizing system of Ns. moscoviensis was shown to be located in the periplasmic space. Here a periodic arrangement of membrane-associated particles was found on the outside of the cytoplasmic membrane in the form of a hexagonal pattern. It is supposed that these particles represent the nitrite-oxidizing system in Nitrospira.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050565
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High rate of aerobic nitrification and denitrification by Nitrosomonas eutropha grown in a fermentor with complete biomass retention in the presence of gaseous NO2 or NO (1998)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 169 (1998), S. 282-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key wordsNitrosomonas eutropha ; NO2 ; NO ; Nitrification ; Denitrification ; Nitrogen loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A pure culture of the obligately lithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizer Nitrosomonas eutropha was grown in a laboratory-scale bioreactor with complete biomass retention. The air supply was supplemented with nitrogen dioxide (NO2; 25 or 50 ppm) or nitric oxide (NO; 25 or 50 ppm). Compared to cultures grown without these nitrogenous oxides, the addition of NO2 or NO to the culture resulted in a significant increase of the nitrification rate, specific activity of ammonia oxidation, growth rate, and maximum cell densities. In contrast, the growth yield slightly decreased in the presence of NO or NO2. Maximum cell densities of about 2 × 1010 cells ml–1 and a maximum nitrification rate of about 221 mmol NH4 + l–1 day–1 were obtained after 3 weeks in the presence of 50 ppm NO2. Furthermore, in the stationary phase about 50% of the nitrite produced was aerobically denitrified to dinitrogen (N2) and traces of nitrous oxide (N2O). When cells were supplemented with NO, a high rate of aerobic denitrification occurred only during the first days of the exponential growth phase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050573
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Wirkung sichtbaren Lichtes auf Nitrosomonas europaea und Nitrobacter winogradskyi (1965)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 51 (1965), S. 18-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Intensität der NH4 +-Oxydation durch Nitrosomonas europaea wird durch Licht (31000 Lux) herabgesetzt. Die relative Hemmung beträgt nach 5 Std etwa 10%. 2. Ebenso erfährt die Intensität der NO2 ′-Oxydation durch Nitrobacter winogradskyi bei Lichtzutritt (31000 Lux) eine Herabsetzung. Unter entsprechenden Versuchsbedingungen wird sie nach 5 Std um 43% verlangsamt. 3. Ruhende oxydierende Zellen von Nitrobacter nehmen im Licht weniger Orthophosphat auf als in der Dunkelheit. 4. Die Banden von Cyt. c und Cyt. a werden bei Nitrosomonas durch 24 Std Lichteinwirkung (54000 Lux) ausgelöscht. 5. Das Cyt. c von Nitrobacter ist schon nach vierstündiger Lichteinwirkung (54000 Lux) ausgeblichen. 6. Parallel zur Lichtzerstörung ihrer Cytochrome werden beide Nitrifikanten abgetötet. 7. Nitrobacter ist viel lichtempfindlicher als Nitrosomonas. 8. Nitrobacter stellt die endogene Atmung mit zunehmender Schädigung ein. 9. Im Licht verlieren die beiden Nitrifizierer Aminosäuren. Nitrobacter scheidet auch in der Dunkelheit organische Verbindungen aus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406848
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Morphologische und physiologische Untersuchungen an Zellen von Nitrobacter winogradskyi Buch (1969)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 69 (1969), S. 149-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wir untersuchten elektronenmikroskopisch das periphere Membransystem und die Polyphosphatgranula in Schnitten von Nitrobacter winogradskyi und verglichen beide mit physiologischen Daten. Die Nitrit-Oxydationsaktivität ist abhängig von der Konzentration des Cytochroms c. Ganz allgemein haben Zellen mit einer hohen Aktivität eine große, solche mit einer niedrigen eine kleine Cytochrommenge. Entsprechend ändert sich der Membrangehalt. Aktive Zellen mit hohem Cytochromgehalt enthalten viele Membranen, inaktive mit geringem Gehalt nur wenige. Außerdem ist die Aktivität pro Cytochrommolekül nicht konstant. Zellen, die lange Zeit ohne Nitrit gestanden haben, besitzen eine niedrige, solche aus der logarithmischen Wachstumsphase eine hohe Umsatzrate. Die Ursache ist nicht bekannt. Die Zahl der Polyphosphatgranula steigt mit zunehmendem Gehalt an Polyphosphaten in der Bakterienzelle.
    Notes: Summary The peripheral membrane system and polyphosphate granules of Nitrobacter winogradskyi as they are revealed by sections studied in the electron microscope are regarded in relation to physiological data. The activity of nitrite oxydation depends on the concentration of cytochrome c. Cells being highly active generally show a relatively high amount of cytochrome c, whereas this is not the case in less active cells. The number of membrane pairs is affected simultaneously: active cells of high cytochrome concentration contain a high number of membrane pairs; those which are less active and have a lower cytochrome concentration, possess only a few membrane pairs. In addition the activity per mol cytochrome varies. Cells having been short of nitrite for a long time show a low turnover rate, whereas in the logarithmic phase of growth the turnover rate is considerably higher. The reason of this is not yet known. The number of polyphosphate granules increases in relation to the amount of polyphosphate found in the bacterial cell.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409759
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Charakterisierung eines phagenähnlichen Partikels aus zellen von Nitrobacter (1974)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 97 (1974), S. 115-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nitrobacter ; Phage-Like Particle Nb1
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Aus Nitrobacter winogradskyi und den Nitrobacter-Stämmen K1, K4 und α1 wurden polyedrische Partikeln isoliert und charakterisiert. 2. Die untersuchten Stämme enthalten polyedrische Partikeln von 1000–1200Å Größe. Mit zunehmendem Alter einer Kultur steigt ihre Anzahl in der Bakterienzelle an. Gleichzeitig nimmt die Zahl vermehrungsfähiger Nitritoxidanten ab. 3. Der Verlust der Fähigkeit zur Koloniebildung läuft bei Stamm α1 mit einer partiellen Lysis der Zellen und dem Freisetzen von Partikeln einher. 4. Die Partikeln konnten in einem Tris-Mg-SH-Puffer mit der Zonen-Dichtegradientenzentrifugation gereinigt werden und ließen sich als einheitliche Fraktion darstellen. 5. Sie weisen einen Sedimentationskoeffizienten von s w,20 0 =825 S und eine CsCl-Auftriebsdichte von ∂25 = 1,296 g/cm3 auf. 6. Aufgrund der festgestellten Eigenschaften werden die Partikeln als phagenähnliche Nitrobacter-Partikeln Nb1 klassifiziert.
    Notes: Abstract 1. Polyhedral particles were isolated from cells of Nitrobacter winogradskyi and of Nitrobacter strains K1, K4 and α1. Their physical and biological properties are characterized. 2. The investigated strains contain polyhedral particles, 1000–1200 Å in size. With increasing age of the culture more particles are found in cells of Nitrobacter. Simultaneously the number of colony producing nitritoxidants decreases. 3. In strain α1 the loss of the capability to form colonies is connected with partial lysis of the cell and release of particles. 4. A homogeneous fraction of particles was obtained by zone density gradient centrifugation in Tris-Mg-SH-buffer. 5. The polyhedral particles have a sedimentation coefficient of s w,20 0 =825S and a CsCl-buoyant density of ∂25 g/cm3. 6. Based on the determined properties the particles are classified as phage-like Nitrobacter particles Nb1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00403051
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