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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cellulose and pectin localization in roots of mycorrhizalAllium porrum: labelling continuity between host cell wall and interfacial material (1990)
    Springer
    Planta 180 (1990), S. 537-547 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Allium ; Cellulose ; Cell wall ; Mycorrhiza (vesicular-arbuscular) ; Pectin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Two different types of contacts (or interfaces) exist between the plant host and the fungus during the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, depending on whether the fungus is intercellular or intracellular. In the first case, the walls of the partners are in contact, while in the second case the fungal wall is separated from the host cytoplasm by the invaginated host plasmamembrane and by an interfacial material. In order to verify the origin of the interfacial material, affinity techniques which allow identification in situ of cell-wall components, were used. Cellobiohydrolase (CBH I) that binds to cellulose and a monoclonal antibody (JIM 5) that reacts with pectic components were tested on roots ofAllium porrum L. (leek) colonized byGlomus versiforme (Karst.) Berch. Both probes gave a labelling specific for the host cell wall, but each probe labelled over specific and distinct areas. The CBH I-colloidal gold complex heavily labelled the thick epidermal cell walls, whereas JIM 5 only labelled this area weakly. Labelling of the hypodermis was mostly on intercellular material after treatment with JIM 5 and only on the wall when CBH I was used. Suberin bands found on the radial walls were never labelled. Cortical cells were mostly labelled on the middle lamella with JIM 5 and on the wall with CBH I. Gold granules from the two probes were found in interfacial material both near the point where the fungus enters the cell and around the thin hyphae penetrating deep into the cell. The ultrastructural observations demonstrate that cellulose and pectic components have different but complementary distributions in the walls of root cells involved in the mycorrhizal symbiosis. These components show a similar distribution in the interfacial material laid down around the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus indicating that the interfacial material is of host origin.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02411452
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chitinase in roots of mycorrhizal Allium porrum: regulation and localization (1989)
    Springer
    Planta 177 (1989), S. 447-455 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Allium (mycorrhiza) ; Chitinase ; Enzyme localization (immunocytochemical) ; Glomus ; Mycorrhiza (vesicular-arbuscular)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) activity was measured in roots of Allium prorrum L. (leek) during development of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis with Glomus versiforme (Karst.) Berch. During the early stages of infection, between 10 and 20 d after inoculation, the specific activity of chitinase was higher in mycorrhizal roots than in the uninfected controls. However, 60–90 d after inoculation, when the symbiosis was fully established, the mycorrhizal roots contained much less chitinase than control roots. Chitinase was purified from A. porrum roots. An antiserum against beanleaf chitinase was found to cross-react specifically with chitinase in the extracts from non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal A. porrum roots. This antiserum was used for the immunocytochemical localization of the enzyme with fluorescent and gold-labelled probes. Chitinase was localized in the vacuoles and in the extracellular spaces of non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal roots. There was no immunolabelling on the fungal cell walls in the intercellular or the intracellular phases. It is concluded that the chitin in the fungal walls is inaccessible to plant chitinase. This casts doubts on the possible involvement of this hydrolase in the development of the mycorrhizal fungus. However, fungal penetration does appear to cause a typical defense response in the first stages that is later depressed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00392612
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ultrastructure of the zygospore in Endogone flammicorona Trappe & Gerdemann (1976)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 59 (1976), S. 117-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Zygospore ; Mycorrhizal fungus ; Flaming crown
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructural organization of the spores of the sporocarp of Endogone flammicorona was studied. Two types of organization are described. Initially the spore possessed a vacuolate protoplasm and was bound by two cell wall layers. The spore was surrounded by a hyphal mantle formed of a sheet of vacuolized hyphae with uniformly thin walls. Secondly, although the ultrastructural features of the spore appeared the same, it was now surrounded by a hyphal mantle with unevenly thickened walls (i. e., the so-called flaming crown) due to the gradual and irregular deposition of granules and lamellae. This crown gives the spore its most commonly observed morphological feature and is the preminent character employed taxonomically to speciate Endogone flammicorona Trappe & Gerdemann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00493564
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wall texture in the spore of a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 120 (1984), S. 51-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Arced texture ; Cell wall ; Mycorrhizal fungus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary InGlomus epigaeum Daniels and Trappe, a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, the mature spore has a complex multi-layered wall containing a regular pattern of wall subunits. The outer wall (2–4 μm thick) consists of a simple layer of parallel microfibrils. The inner wall (5–6 μm thick) is built from two layers possessing different organization. The innermost layer, near the plasmalemma has a texture of apparently dispersed fibrils, whereas the second layer is regularly organized with an arced texture. Ten to twelve bundles of fibrils connected by apparently bow-shaped fibrils are consistently observed. The appearance of this arced organization depends on the section plane and on the angle of observation in the electron microscope as confirmed by tilting experiments. Wall subunits are evident as straight electron transparent fibrils; particularly well-defined in negatively stained frozen sections: their diameter is about 3.5nm. The regular pattern of wall subunits in this fungal cell wall is compared with the textures shown by cellulose fibrils in algae or higher plants and by chitin fibrils in arthropod cuticle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01287617
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cytochemical and biochemical observations on the cell wall of the spore ofGlomus epigaeum (1984)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 123 (1984), S. 140-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Biochemistry ; Cell wall ; Chitin ; Cytochemistry ; Glomus epigaeum ; Spore
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The cell wall of the spore ofGlomus epigaeum Daniels and Trappe, which has fibrillar subunits regularly arranged in arcs, was studied ultrastructurally and biochemically. The periodic acid/thiocarbohydrazide/silver proteinate (PATAg) reaction for polysaccharide location (Thiéry 1967) and the silver methenamine reaction for protein location (Swift 1968) were performed on whole spores, progressively alkaline-extracted and autoclaved spores, and untreated and alkaline-extracted cell wall fractions. The cytochemical results and those obtained from frozen sections indicated that the fibrils forming the main structure of the outer and inner wall consist of chitin. Quantitative determinations showed that chitin is the most important component (47%) of the alkali-insoluble residue and represents 27.2% of the whole cell wall fraction. It occurs predominantly as the acetylated form. Cytochemical and biochemical observations showed that the matrix surrounding the fibrils is made of alkali-soluble, PATAg positive polysaccharides (4.98% of the whole cell wall fraction). Monomers were identified by gas liquid chromatography as being γ-lactone of glucuronic acid, and glucose, rhamnose and mannose. Alkali-soluble proteins are an important part of the matrix, being spread mostly throughout the inner wall and constituting a large portion (55.1 %) of the alkali-soluble fraction. From the results we derive a model in which the chemical components are interconnected to build up a macromolecular network, in agreement with electron-microscopic observations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01283584
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cell wall architectures in a mycorrhizal association as revealed by cryoultramicrotomy (1982)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 111 (1982), S. 113-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cell wall ; Cryoultramicrotomy ; Mycorrhiza
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal association a different texture in the cell wall of the host and fungus is revealed by using cryoultramicrotomy, that is a powerful tool in studying macromolecular arrangements. Using this technique the host wall displays fibrillar texture, whilst the fungal wall appears amorphous. The latter is not affected by the tested enzymatic digestions. On the contrary, it is labelled by ferritin linked to the wheat germ agglutinin, displaying the presence of N-acetylglucosamine. It is suggested that this sugar is present in single units or in short chains, whilst true chitin fibrils are not formed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01282069
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructural localization of cell surface sugar residues in ericoid mycorrhizal fungi by gold-labeled lectins (1987)
    Springer
    Protoplasma 139 (1987), S. 25-35 
    Details
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Lectin-gold complexes ; Cell surface ; Glycoconjugates ; Ericoid fungi ; Mycorrhizae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Surface sugar residues were ultrastructurally localized in two strains ofHymenoscyphus ericae, one having a strong tendency to form ericoid mycorrhiza, the other, very little. The strains were studied both in the presence and absence of the host plant. Wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Concanavalin A (Con A)-colloidal gold complexes were used as cytochemical markers. N-acetylglucosamine residues were localized exclusively on septa and on the inner electron-transparent layer of longitudinal walls, confirming the presence of chitin in well defined regions of the fungal cell wall, both in the infective and in the noninfective strain. Con A-binding sites were detected on extracellular material commonly radiating from the wall of the infective strain. They were particularly abundant when the infective strain was in contact with the host, but were uncommon on the surface of the noninfective strain, whether this was in contact with the host or not. The extracellular material presumed to contain glucose and mannose residues appears to be important in establishing contact between fungus and host.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01417532
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