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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Performance and Sleepiness as a Function of Frequency and Placement of Sleep Disruption (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 23 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Eight normal young adult sleepers spent 4 nonconsecutive weeks in the laboratory. Each week consisted of a baseline night followed by 2 consecutive nights of disrupted sleep, followed by 2 recovery nights. Disruption conditions included: a) brief awakening after each minute of accumulated sleep, b) brief awakening after each 10 min of accumulated sleep, c) 2.5 hrs of normal sleep followed by a brief awakening at each sleep onset, and d) total sleep deprivation. Morning testing revealed that all disruption conditions decreased sleep latency in a morning nap test. Performance after 1-min disruptions approximated that seen after total sleep loss. Performance decrements were less in the 10-min condition and least in the 2.5-hr sleep condition. Performance under baseline and total sleep loss conditions was used to predict performance during the sleep deprivation condition using four sleep stage rules. Total time asleep and total time asleep minus stage 1 predicted performance poorly. Total SWS plus REM predicted performance best but could not differentiate the 10-min and 2.5-hr conditions. Therefore, it was concluded that the data were most parsimoniously explained by the Sleep Continuity Theory—i.e., that periods of uninterrupted sleep in excess of 10 min are required for sleep to be restorative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00630.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Memory For Events Occurring During Arousal From Sleep (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 20 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Many instances exist of significant memory loss for events during brief awakenings from sleep. The present experiment sought to determine whether such memory loss was attributable to depth of pre-awakening sleep or to length of awakening. Fourteen young adult subjects performed a standard memory task after being awakened from stage 2 or stage 4 sleep. Subjects either remained awake for 8 min or returned to sleep immediately after the learning task. Both short and long term memory were significantly worse when awakenings were made from stage 4 (deep) compared with stage 2 (light) sleep and when learning occurred immediately after being awakened. No significant effects were found when the length of the period awake after learning was lengthened. It was concluded that memory for events occurring during brief awakenings was affected by the prior stage of sleep. The effect was discussed as an example of state dependent learning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb00906.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sleep, Performance and Mood After the Energy-Expenditure Equivalent of 40 Hours of Sleep Deprivation (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 17 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Twelve Marine subjects marched approximately 20 miles to expend as much energy in one 16-hr day as is expended during 40 hrs of relatively inactive sleep deprivation. At the end of the march, performance on addition, vigilance, choice reaction time, tapping, short-term memory, symbol substitution, and three mood scales was decremented significantly. Those decrements closely approximated decrements reported in the literature following 40 hrs of sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep stages and arousal thresholds were essentially unchanged as compared to baseline and were significantly different from those predicted after 40 hrs of sleep loss. It was concluded that while changes in performance were probably linked to total energy consumption, the commonly measured sleep variables were not.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1980.tb02460.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Reliability of Arousal Threshold During Sleep (1978)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 15 (1978), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Thirty-five subjects from two independent studies were awakened at EEG-defined periods during the night with 1000 Hz ascending tone series. Awakenings were made five to eight times per night during stage 2, stage 4, or REM sleep over a series of nights in good and poor sleepers. Reliability was assessed within stage, within night, between stages, and between nights. Good and poor sleepers did not differ in either depth of sleep or reliability of arousal threshold and were thus pooled in the analyses. From night to night, the most consistency was seen in stage 4 (r=.74), although REM reliability (r̄1= .49) and stage 2 reliability (r̄1= .50 and r̄1= .69 in the two respective studies) estimates were also greater than zero. Early sleep onset and morning arousals were more variable. Reliability estimates on arousal thresholds taken within the same night for stage 2 were r= .64 and r̄1= .77 for the two studies and r= .96 for REM. The depth of sleep was not correlated with awake auditory threshold. It was concluded that five or six carefully placed arousals could give a good estimate of an individual's usual arousal threshold.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1978.tb01407.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Recovery of Performance During Sleep Following Sleep Deprivation (1983)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Psychophysiology 20 (1983), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1469-8986
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Very few studies have systematically examined recovery of performance after sleep deprivation. In the present study, 12 young adult males were sleep deprived for periods of 40 and 64 hrs. Each period was preceded by baseline nights of sleep and followed by two recovery nights of sleep. Immediate recall and reaction time were tested at 2300, 0145, 0400, 0615, and 0830 during baseline, deprivation, and recovery nights. Performance efficiency showed a progressive decline after 2 hrs of recovery sleep following both periods of deprivation. Return to baseline was apparent after 4 hrs of steep following 40 hrs awake and after 8 hrs of sleep following 64 hrs awake. These results suggested that, in terms of behavioral efficiency, an equal amount of sleep is not required to compensate for sleep lost.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1983.tb03281.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A dose response study of the hypnotic effectiveness of alprazolam and diazepam in normal subjects (1981)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 75 (1981), S. 258-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Sleep ; Diazepam ; Alprazolam
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract One group of eight normal young males was administered three doses of alprazolam (0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg) and placebo, while a second group of eight normal young males was given three doses of diazepam (2, 5, and 10 mg) and placebo in the same design. All subjects slept in the sleep laboratory for 10 nights, 2 consecutive nights each week for 5 consecutive weeks. The first 2 nights served as adaptation. During the next 4 weeks subjects received a random dose of alprazolam (or placebo) or a random dose of diazepam (or placebo) each week. Similar dose-related benzodiazepine effects were found on sleep with both medications. Alprazolam reduced percent stage 4 and REM sleep and increased stage 2 sleep and latency to REM. Diazepam decreased percent stage 1 and increased percent stage 2 sleep. No drug by dose interactions were found. It was concluded that, while both drugs had similar effects on sleep, alprazolam showed significant effects on REM sleep parameters and might be evaluated for possible antidepressant effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432435
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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